(1) Historical Movement: Evolution; Degeneration theory; Cycle theory; Stagnation theory; Rational potential energy change theory; Legal theory
(2) Historical motivation: the view of historical destiny; Heroic historical view; Cultural history view; Geographical environment theory;
Attach importance to personnel thought; Economic determinism; The contradiction between productive forces and production relations promotes social development.
(3) Historical function: drawing lessons from the historical view; Adhere to the historical view; The historical view of governing the country; Historiography uselessness
2. What is history? What is history? History is the objective existence process experienced by human society; History is a science that studies social and historical phenomena and processes and reveals their laws.
3. Differences and connections between history and historical writings.
(1) difference: the difference between concept and essence; History is an objective law, and historical writings are subjective; History is unique and eternal. Once created, it cannot be changed. The understanding of history is varied and constantly changing.
(2) Connection: The two are closely related. The relationship between raw materials and processed products is based on the former, and the writings try to reflect the real history.
4. Limitations of positivist historiography.
(1) focuses on the study of politics, ignoring other factors besides politics and forgetting the people and ordinary people who make up the nation and country. Freeman even said that "history is the politics of the past, and politics is the history of the present".
(2) Because of the emphasis on the equality of history and science, the relationship between history and other disciplines is neglected.
③ Positivism also ignores the humanity of history.
5. Why is history a science rather than an art?
History is a science that studies social and historical phenomena and processes and reveals their laws.
(1) The research object of history is objective things and independent of any individual's subjective will.
History, like science, should reveal the laws of development and movement of things and phenomena.
History has the characteristics of time gone forever, inaccessible space, strong individuality and one-off.
The content of history is scientific, and its forms of expression emphasize the art of expression.
(1) History is inseparable from the expression of words, which is an art.
② The description of individual things in historical research can not be separated from thinking in images, that is, artistic thinking.
6. Briefly describe the discipline structure of history:
A branch that takes objective history as the research object, historical materials as the research object, and history itself as the research object.
7. List four institutions that managed archives in past dynasties: Tianfu in Zhou Dynasty, Dongguan and Lantai in Han Dynasty, History Museum in Tang Dynasty, Shelf Library in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Imperial History Museum in Ming Dynasty and Cabinet Library in Qing Dynasty.
8. Briefly describe Liang Qichao's historical achievements.
(1) Before the May 4th Movement, he criticized feudal historiography in theory and put forward the idea of establishing bourgeois historiography.
Four disadvantages: "knowing that there is a court without a country, knowing that there are individuals without a group, knowing that there are past events without current events, knowing that there are facts without ideals."
(2) After the May 4th Movement, many monographs on cultural and academic history came out:
9. List Liang Qichao's ten monographs on cultural and academic history after the May 4th Movement.
Social history: Records of Paleontology in Three Dynasties, Spring and Autumn Annals, Records of Warring States, etc.
History of academic thought: the origin of the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Laozi's philosophy, a case study of Confucius and Mozi, an overview of the post-Lao school, Confucianism, the history of pre-Qin political thought, the academic chronology of pre-Qin, the outline of China's philosophical history, Confucian philosophy, the world interpretation of Zhuangzi's articles, and Xunzi's comments on various philosophers.
Historical theory: China's historical research method and supplement, historical statistics, etc.
Bibliography: Revision of Mohist Classics, Introduction to Chinese Studies and Its Reading Methods, Solving Problems and Reading Methods Based on Important Texts, Authenticity and Time of Ancient Books, Explanatory Local Records, etc.
Cultural history: scientific spirit and eastern and western cultures, China cultural history (social organization), geography and age, and geographical distribution of modern style of study.
History of Literature and Poetry: A Study of Qu Yuan, Du Fu, Tao Yuanming, China's Beautiful Literature and its History, Notes on Peach Blossom Fan, etc.
Ethnic and religious history: ethnic studies in the history of China, translated literature and Buddhist scriptures, a brief history of the rise and fall of Buddhism in China, and the development of Buddhism in China.
10. Briefly describe Wang Guowei's historical achievements.
Put forward the double evidence law; It has opened up new academic fields and made pioneering contributions to the study of wooden slips and Dunhuang manuscripts in Han and Jin Dynasties. Combine the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions with the study of business history; Achievements in the textual research of history and historical documents; Literary achievements.
1 1. Briefly describe Chen's historical achievements.
Committed to the study of the history of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, a brief discussion on the origin of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and a review of the political history of Tang Dynasty; One of the pioneers of Dunhuang literature research; Proving history with poetry is a major feature of his textual research on historical facts: quoting, interpreting manuscripts and Liu Biezhuan; Research on the history of national culture.
12. Briefly describe Chen Yuan's historical achievements.
Began to regard religion as the subject and object of historical research; The study of Yuan history: the achievements of historical philology: ultramicro: a mirror and ultramicro notes: academic methods attach importance to historical sources and regional classification.
13, listing Chen Yuan's Four Books on Ancient Religion and Three Books on Religion.
Four Textual Research on Ancient Religions: Yuan Ye Li Ke Wen, Kaifeng Yici leye county, China Zoroastrianism and China Manichaeism.
Three books on religion: Textual Research on Yunnan-Guizhou Buddhism in Ming Dynasty, Notes of Monks in Early Qing Dynasty and Textual Research on New Taoism in Hebei in Early Southern Song Dynasty.
14, enumerating Chen Yuan's achievements in historical philology.
Bibliography: Album Catalogue of Wen Jin Ge Si Ku Quan Shu, Textual Research on the Bibliography of Si Ku Quan Shu, Dunhuang Tomb Robbery Record, etc.
Chronology: the leap table of the 20 th century and the historical calendar of China and the West
Taboo: an example of historical taboo
Collation: examples of collation in Yuan Dynasty.