1. Learn to understand Han Yu’s fighting spirit in clarifying the new concept of teachers and his views on respecting teachers and valuing education;
2. Learn how to write argumentative essays by combining arguments and comparative arguments with the facts of this article;
3. Accumulating and mastering the way of teaching, receiving and following is also based on the usage of words such as "hushu";
4. Recite the text.
Guidance window
Exploring the sea
Han Yu's "Teacher's Theory" is very targeted and has the spirit of criticizing reality. When studying, you can first refer to the text notes and relevant background information to understand the purpose and motivation of writing this article. Then, read the annotations and read the text thoroughly to understand the overall structure and main points of the text. In particular, focus on understanding the novelty of the point of view in the first paragraph and the power of the comparative argument in the second paragraph. On this basis, read the text repeatedly until you memorize it. When reciting, pay attention to the tone and pauses of sentences, the connection of words, the inflection of the tone, etc. If it is incorrect, it means there is an error in understanding and should be corrected in time. In terms of words, the focus is to analyze the meaning and usage of Chuan, Shi, Dao, Huo, Yi, Cong, Ye, Ze, Yu, Hu, So, etc. You can do the follow-up test questions first.
I learned Han Yu’s "Horse Theory" in junior high school, which talks about identifying talents and caring for them. The content has a certain connection with this article. Han Yu preached respecting teachers and valuing education, and he also regarded himself as Bole. While studying, you can review "Horse Theory" to enhance your understanding of the ideological content of this article.
Thought structure
This article is an argumentative essay. It is said to be written for Li Pan. In fact, it criticizes those people at that time who relied on their noble family status, looked down on others, refused to learn from teachers, and even The class of scholar-bureaucrats who ridiculed others as their disciples. In order to achieve the purpose of convincing people, the article must present its new point of view with both theoretical and factual arguments. Therefore, the author first makes a deductive reasoning from the perspective of the teacher's function, and then uses the actual bad habits and Confucius made inductive inferences based on his teacher's words and deeds to deepen his arguments. The full text has a rigorous structure and strong arguments, making it a model of ancient argumentative writing. Structural diagram:
Teachers are the ones who teach and learn from their teachers (theoretical arguments) and deductive reasoning (viewpoints). Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists.
Scholars and officials are ashamed to learn from their teachers (negative phenomenon) )
Inductive reasoning (perspective) Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists
Confucius’s words and deeds of following his teacher (positive examples)
Li Pan followed his teacher and practiced the ancient Tao (live around him) Example) echo and confirm (viewpoint) where the Tao exists, where the teacher exists
Guidance on difficult questions
·How to understand the progressive nature of the ideas in this article? Han Yu's innovations in "Teacher's Theory" have at least three points in content: First, it breaks through the limitations of ordinary people's understanding of the role of teachers, and expands the karma from teaching books and learning to read sentences to preaching and solving doubts. , clearly stated that teachers are teachers, so preaching, accepting karma and solving doubts is also a comprehensive and new definition of the role of teachers. It was a great progress at the time and is still of practical significance today. Second, in view of the family concept of the upper-class scholar-bureaucrats, it clearly puts forward the new concept of the way of following teachers, which is neither noble nor humble, neither long nor young. Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists: To follow the teacher is to learn the Tao, and only the Tao is Question, anyone who hears the Tao, regardless of whether he is high or low, old or young, can be a teacher. This is a ground-breaking new concept that opens up a vast field for teachers. Third, under the guidance of the viewpoint of the existence of the Tao and the existence of the teacher, starting from the objective facts that there is a sequence of learning the Tao and that there is a specialization in the arts, we deduce the new perspective that the disciple does not have to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than the disciple, explaining the relationship between teachers and students. It is relative, teaching and learning can complement each other, shining with the brilliance of simple dialectical materialism.
How to understand the momentum of this article? Han Yu's argumentative style is famous for its smooth momentum. As far as this article is concerned, its momentum comes from three aspects: the persuasiveness of the new theory itself, coupled with the power of rigorous logical argumentation and the expressive power of the combination of odd and even parallels in language, form the article's eye-catching momentum. The first paragraph of thought is: Ancient scholars must have a teacher. The role of a teacher is to impart knowledge, learn karma, and resolve doubts. If you have doubts, you must follow a teacher. To follow a teacher is to learn the Tao. Where the Tao exists, the teacher also exists. The conclusion is as powerful as a galloping horse; The whole section is connected layer by layer, advancing step by step, with strict logic, and it is completed in one go, which is even more unstoppable. The second paragraph closely follows the first paragraph's discussion of teachers' ways, and uses three levels of in-depth comparisons to criticize from different aspects the unhealthy trend of being ashamed of being a teacher among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time. From this questioning tone, it developed into a reproachful tone that I didn't see clearly, and then to a strange and ironic tone with strong emotions. This progressive progression in tone is compelling. Three paragraphs discuss the sage's impermanence in a positive way, using the irrefutable words and practices of the revered sage Confucius as examples, which is extremely convincing. It also provides strong evidence that scholars from one period of ancient times must have teachers, and saints from two periods of ancient times still follow their teachers and ask why. Killing three birds with one stone is incomparable. At the end, the purpose of writing is pointed out from the perspective of people traveling on ancient roads and today, connecting the past and present, carrying forward the past and opening up the future, and has the potential to build a strategic foundation. The whole text is very direct and steep: in the opening chapter, the ancient scholar must have a teacher suddenly rise up, as if he appeared out of nowhere, and he has seen something unexpected; the three contrasts in the middle are like three peaks reaching into the sky, standing suddenly and steeply, rising straight and falling, It doesn't matter, it's even more strange. Creating this kind of majestic and upright momentum is what Han Yu is best at.
The flexible and changeable prose sentences in this article contain pauses and frustrations in the flow, and incorporate parallelism and parallelism (in this article, the arrangement of words in the sentence), and they are neat in their flexibility. The use of odd, even, parallel and scattered patterns is intertwined, naturally coordinated, and well-proportioned, which also increases the momentum a lot.
Language speculation
1. Ancient scholars must have teachers. Teachers, so preaching, accepting karma and solving doubts are also the starting point and basis for the whole article. Then the sentences are connected to each other to deduce the point of view that the Tao exists and the teacher exists. At the same time, at the beginning, it is solemnly stated that ancient scholars must have teachers, which implicitly contains criticism of today's scholars for not following teachers, which naturally lays the groundwork for the second paragraph. When translating this sentence, you should pay attention to the meaning and role of zheye and sui in the sentence pattern.
Application: (Translation) People who studied in ancient times must have teachers. Teachers are used to teach principles, teach students, and answer questions.
2. Therefore, the disciple does not have to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than the disciple. There is a priority in learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in the art, that's all.
Comment: This sentence is a logical and logical conclusion after making a theoretical argument using the function of a teacher and making a factual argument using Confucius’ words and deeds. This conclusion is a deepening of the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers, and it is also a further criticism of the scholar-bureaucrats' disdain for learning from teachers. It shows that the relationship between teachers and students is relative, and teaching and learning can complement each other. This sentence is introduced from the following, and ends with this, simplifying the complex, which not only shows the profound and thorough insights, but also has a far-sighted momentum.
Application: (Translation) Therefore, students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily wiser than students. The truths they hear come first, and each has his or her own expertise in knowledge and skills. That's all.
Analysis of famous questions
Read the following classical Chinese passage, and then complete the following questions (the second question of the 1990 National College Entrance Examination)
Tian Dan ① will attack Di , went to see Lu Zhongzi. Zhongzi said: "The general is attacking Di, but he can't do it." Tian Dan said: I will use the city of five li and the country of seven li to destroy the remaining soldiers, defeat the swallows of ten thousand chariots, and restore the ruins of Qi. What's the point of attacking Di but not going down? Get on the chariot and drive away, then attack Di. It is impossible to overcome it in March. Tian Dan was afraid, so he asked Lu Zhongzi: "Master said that Shan cannot be sent to Di. Please listen to what he said." Lu Zhongzi said: The general is in Jimo. He is sitting down and weaving raffia, and standing up is ten feet long. He advocates for the soldiers and says: "It's time to go! The ancestral temple is dead, and the soul is lost. Where does it belong to! At this time, the general has There is a desire to die, but the soldiers have no spirit of life. Hearing Ruo's words, everyone burst into tears and fought hard. This is why it breaks Yan. Nowadays, the general has Ye Yi (4) for worship in the east, and Zishang (5) for entertainment in the west. The golden horizontal belt runs between Zi and Mian. He has the joy of life and no desire to die, so he is an invincible one. Tian Dan said: "Shan has a heart, and the teacher has ambition." Tomorrow, we will march through the city vigorously and stand where the arrows and stones are. We will support them with drums and drums, and the people from Di will come down. "Warring States Policies·Qi Ce Six"
[Note] ① Tian Dan: During the Warring States Period, a Qi man named Anping Lord for his merits. ②蒉: A basket made of straw. ③Zhangcao: That is a stick and a shovel. ④ Yeyi: place name. ⑤ Zishang: place name.
17. In the following examples, the meaning and usage of "so" in the following sentences are the same as the meaning and usage of "so" in So Po Yan Ye. ①Teacher, so he preaches, accepts karma and resolves doubts
②Jun, The reason why the prime minister is for the people's plan is nothing more than the previous numbering method
③The virtuous ministers are close to the villain and the villain is far away. This is why the early Han Dynasty prospered
④This is why scholars cannot Take it carefully without thinking deeply.
⑤The reason why it is not passed down in this world
⑥The reason why heaven and earth nourish people is just this number. ,
⑦This is why I am concerned about the peace of the people. ;
⑧So send generals to guard the gate to prepare for thieves to come in and out, and it will be very quiet
A. ①⑥⑦ B. ③④⑤⑦⑧ C. ①②⑥ D. ②③④⑤⑧
Analysis: Therefore, it is a polysyllabic function word. It appears more in the lesson "Shi Shuo". You should accumulate and master its usage in this lesson. There are two common usages: one means reason, and the other means basis, reliance, and reliance. The question stem expresses the reason. Among the options, ①②⑥ belong to basis, reliance, and reliance, and ③④⑤⑦⑧ express the reason, so choose B.
19. The correct meaning of the sentence "Tomorrow will be Li Qi Xun Cheng" is
A. The next day, he boosted morale and patrolled the city.
B. The next day, he boosted morale and patrolled the city wall.
C. The next day he cheered up and patrolled the city.
D. The next day I cheered up and patrolled along the city wall.
Analysis: According to the meaning of the sentence, Tian Dan cheered up his spirit rather than boosting morale, and the attack on Di City was an attack outside the city, so item B was inappropriate, and item AC was also inappropriate. Answer: D
20. Lu Zhongzi predicted before the battle: The general will not be able to attack Di. Judging from the meaning of the original text, the main basis for his statement is (3 points)
A. In the past, Tian Dan was weaving wormwood sticks and sticks, and he was poor and distressed; now, he is playing around with golden horizontal belts, and he has lost his fighting spirit.
B. In the past, Tiandan's city was so narrow that it was difficult to fight against the enemy; now there is Yeyi in the east and Zishang in the south, so the tail cannot be lost.
C. The situation now is different from when Po Yan was born. The current situation is that Tian Dan enjoys a generous salary and indulges in pleasure, while only the soldiers are eager to fight. At that time, the situation was completely opposite.
D. The current situation is different from when Po Yan was born. At that time, the situation was that Tian Dan had a desire to die, so his soldiers were lifeless. Now the situation is exactly the opposite.
Analysis: This question tests the understanding of the overall meaning of the text. Pay attention to the analysis and understanding of the long passage spoken by Lu Zhongzi. The key to siege a city is that the generals and soldiers can work together as one, have high morale and determination to win. Item A loses fighting spirit due to changes in material life, item B loses its tail due to changes in territorial power, and item C the general has no intention of fighting and only the soldiers are eager to hide. Although these three items are all important factors in the victory of the battle, they are not key, so it is not advisable. The answer is D.
Landscape Editing
Editing 1:
Editing 2:
The eight great families of the Tang and Song Dynasties include Zhu You, Tang Shunzhi and Mao Kun in the Ming Dynasty Others proposed. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Youchang selected Han Liu, Ouyang, Zeng, Wang and Sansu as the Eighth Master's collected works. "History of the Ming Dynasty·The Biography of Mao Kun" says: Kun was good at ancient prose, and he was most impressed by Tang Shunzhi. Shun Zhi liked the works of the great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties and wrote and edited them. People of the Tang and Song Dynasties had nothing to learn from outside the Han, Liu, Ou, Sansu, Zeng, and Wang families, so Kun selected "Eight Great Masters' Wenchao". His books are popular all over the country, and everyone in the countryside knows about Mao Lumen (Mao Kun's nickname is Lumen). The Ming Dynasty also formed a group of writers of the Tang and Song schools represented by Tang Shunzhi, Mao Kun, and Gui Youguang.
Han Yu was the head of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was highly respected by the people of the Song Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu's "Hanwen Hou" of the Old Book of Books states: The Tao naturally travels far and ends near, and sometimes it is more valuable than the past and more valuable than the present. This is not only caused by worldly likes and dislikes, but also by reason. Confucius and Mencius were panicked for a moment, but they followed the teachings for thousands of generations. Han's writings disappeared for two hundred years, and then they are widely used today. This is not a special place for likes and dislikes. Over time, it will become clearer and indelible. Although it is temporarily hidden, it will eventually shine in the infinite. This is of course the way. Su Shi's "Chaozhou Han Wengong Temple Stele" states: Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism, mourning, and culture have been corrupted, and heresies have arisen. It has experienced the prosperity of Zhenguan and Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, but it cannot be saved. Duke Wen of Han alone stood up in his commoner clothes, chatted and laughed, and ordered the emperor to follow him. The whole world followed him and returned to justice. This has been going on for three hundred years. The writings have been declining for eight generations, but the Taoism has helped the world to drown, the loyal offenders have angered the master, and bravely won the commander-in-chief of the three armies. Isn’t this something that towers over heaven and earth, is related to prosperity and decline, and yet exists alone in its grandeur? Su Xun's "Books with Deacon Ouyang" said: Han Zi's writings are like the Yangtze River, flowing mightily, fish and turtle balls, all kinds of strange things and confusion, but suppressed and concealed, not letting themselves be exposed; but people can see its profound light. , The pale color also makes me shy away, not daring to look closely. Wang Anshi said in the "Book of Masters": Since the death of Confucius, Han Zi wrote it, and I hope that the saint will be outstanding for hundreds of thousands of years.
Ability practice question bank
Tracking test questions
1. Multiple-choice questions:
1. The following correct analysis of the meanings and current usage of the highlighted words is:
① Ancient scholars must have teachers. ②Teachers preach and impart knowledge and resolve doubts
③Today’s people are far beyond the saints. ④ I haven’t seen the obviousness of my primary school legacy.
① The disciple does not have to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than the disciple. ⑥ Seventeen years old, good at ancient prose
A. Totally different B. ②③⑤ are the same as the current usage
C. All the same D. ①③⑥ are the same as the current usage
2. The following dotted words have the same meaning:
A. It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on. B. The existence of the Tao is also the existence of the teacher
The Six Arts Sutras and Transmissions are all learned through practice. The sage is the teacher of impermanence
C． I will learn from him D. He heard the Tao before me
He was shocked and asked Yu Jia why he could practice the ancient Tao
3. The group of function words in the following sentences with the same meaning and usage is:
A. It is difficult for people to be clear of confusion B. How can I be ashamed of my teacher?
Where the Tao exists, there is also a teacher. If three people walk together, there must be my teacher
B. And it is shameful to learn from a teacher D. He was born before me, and he heard the Tao before me.
Regardless of the time, he learned from Yu Yong and knew that he was born in my year?
4. Add some words below The correct pronunciation and explanation of is:
A. The six arts classics and biographies are all commonly practiced. Chuan: Chuan, spread
B. Write "Shi Shuo" to give a message: dai, give as a gift
C. Readers who teach books and learn their sentences read: dou, pause in the sentence
D. A low position means shame, and a high official position means flattery. Flattery: ru, flattery, flattery
2. Fill in the blanks;
5. Han Yu, courtesy name _______, worldly known as _______, died posthumously ____, and his collection of works includes "___________". He was an advocate of ___________ in the Tang Dynasty, which later generations called the decline of the Eight Dynasties of Literature. He ranked first among the eight great writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The other seven were ______, _________, _____________, _________, _______, ______, and _________.
6. Use the original text to answer the following questions:
① What are the functions of a teacher? __________________________________________________;
② What are the criteria for selecting teachers? __________________________________________________;
③ What conclusion did the author draw from quoting Confucius’ words and deeds? _______________, _____________, _______________, _______________.
Improve test questions
3. Read the following two paragraphs and answer questions 7-10:
Ancient scholars must have teachers. A teacher is the one who preaches the truth, receives karma and resolves doubts. People are not born to ① know ②, how can they be free from confusion? If they are confused and do not follow the teacher, ③ will be confused ④, and will never understand ⑤. Those who were born before me, they heard the Tao before me, and I learned from them; those who were born after me, they also heard the Tao before me, and I learned from them.
My teacher is the Taoist. Do you know that he was born to me one after another? Therefore, there is no high or low, neither long nor young. The existence of the Tao is the existence of the teacher.