Examination statement: (1) Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works; (2) Evaluate the ideological content of the article and the author's viewpoint and attitude.
The first step is to interpret the text accurately: on the basis of understanding the characteristics of "poet language", grasp the key points:
(1) On the whole, look at the title of the poem, circle the title (one word), and carefully study the title of ancient poetry. Some titles actually summarize the main content of the poem, or provide an emotional tone for you to understand the poem. Look at the author again and recall the dynasty and style of the author. Pay attention to the influence of the times on writers (such as patriotic thoughts in the Southern Song Dynasty);
(2) Look down: read the notes, understand the background of the poem, and look for clues about the content and emotion of the poem.
(3) Middle reading: Look at the main body of the poem, circle one or two words in each sentence as sentence eyes, and pay special attention to adjectives and adverbs (such as loneliness) that express emotions in the poem. In the second half, argumentation and lyricism are generally used, which is the theme of the poem.
(That is, we usually say five readings: reading topic, reading author, reading content, reading notes and reading proposition. )
The second step is to clarify the key points of the answer (that is, to give points). Answer small-caliber questions casually, and large-caliber questions generally include three points:
●( 1) Writing skills: Common writing skills (skills) are listed in the following four categories.
●(2) The content revealed by the technique: Combining with the poem, analyze what features of the image (people, things and scenery) are written by this technique, or what thoughts and feelings (philosophies) are expressed (highlighted).
●(3) Function: The function of this writing in content or form. The function of content: deepening artistic conception, deepening theme, profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, profound implication, thought-provoking and far-reaching form: front and back care, combination of reality and reality, sharing first and then dividing, question and answer)
(Note: The three main points of different questions have different emphases, and what you ask is what you answer; And the order of the three points should be organically combined according to the types of specific topics. Generally speaking, it is necessary to write clearly: what is written in this poem, what techniques are used and what feelings are expressed. )
Step 3: Short answer to poetry appreciation: Choose different answering methods according to different topic types.
◆ The first type: analytical images (images are people, scenery and things described in poems).
Routine Q: What images did this poem shape?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem show us? Or: What kind of scenery does this poem describe?
Pay attention to images with fixed meanings in poetry;
1. Parting categories: double carp, foot element (letter from afar), moon (homesickness or reunion), swan goose (homesickness of wanderers or sadness during the journey), cicada (sadness), willow (metaphorically leaving as a souvenir or representing hometown), fragrant grass (leaving sorrow without hatred), partridge bird (.
4. Love category: lotus (with "pity" for love), red bean (love or friendship between men and women) and red leaf (sentimental object).
3. Personality category: chrysanthemum (lofty), plum blossom (not afraid of destruction, dare to be the first or keep pure and clean), pine tree (proud of frost and snow, stick to moral integrity),
4. Sorrow: phoenix tree (symbolizing sadness), crow (declining and desolate), cuckoo or Zigui (symbolizing sadness or homesickness), game-writing protocol (dying or being loyal because of grievances), and ape (sadness).
5. Other categories: Kunshan jade (talent), Zhegui (imperial examination and), Cai Wei (seclusion), Nanguan (prisoner) and Liu Ying (military camp). Dongli (elegant, completely clean)
■ The second type: analyzing artistic conception (artistic conception = image+emotion)
Routine Q: What kind of artistic atmosphere does this poem create?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem show us? What kind of thoughts did the poet express?
What kind of scenery does this poem describe? What kind of feelings did the poet express?
A. The terminology characteristics of artistic conception (atmosphere) are:
Lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, majestic and magnificent, bleak and desolate, quiet and quiet, magnificent and beautiful, full of vitality, magnificent and majestic, illusory and ethereal, cold and depressed, prosperous and lively.
B. terms of thoughts and feelings:
Infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
■ The third type: analysis of thematic type (including emotion and implication)
Poetry can be divided into the following 10 categories according to the theme (content), from which we can understand the theme of poetry:
(1) praising history and cherishing ancient poems: relying on ancient monuments to satirize modern people; Or feel that the past flourished and declined, and today is not as good as before; Or eager to make achievements like the ancients. (Write about historic sites and use allusions)
⑵ Expressing poetry with things: instead of directly expressing thoughts and feelings, we use metaphors, symbols, personification and other methods to integrate our ideals and personality into one thing. There are often images of pine, bamboo and plum.
(3) frontier poems; Or rendered meritorious service to the country; Or the homesickness of the husband; Or satirize and exhort the militaristic rulers who expanded the frontier.
(4) Homesickness poems: writing the sadness of wandering wanderers; Or homesickness caused by what you see, hear and feel. There are often descriptions of the moon, willows, geese, letters and dreams.
5. Farewell poems: or express homesickness when leaving; Or express your thoughts after parting; Or express your ideals and beliefs; Or to encourage each other.
(6) Pastoral landscape poems: express dissatisfaction with secularism and reality, yearn for quiet and peaceful seclusion thoughts, or express one's feelings of being independent from the world and keeping moral integrity by writing about the leisure beauty of mountains and villages.
(7) poetry: or worrying about the country and the people; Or reflect disorder; Or eager to make contributions; Or career setbacks; Or eulogize the rivers and mountains.
Being always in my heart-sad poems: expressing my thoughts about my husband who is guarding the border, or writing about the sadness that spring (youth) is fleeting and time is no longer there, or expressing my disgust at war. We don't think we will take the exam, but it is in the textbook. We still need to know something. )
■ fourth: expression skills (focusing on the whole or part of the whole article)
Routine question: What kind of writing technique is used in this poem?
Variant question: What kind of artistic technique (skill) is used in this poem? Or: How do poets express their feelings?
Writing skill is a very broad concept, which roughly includes four categories:
The first one: the way to describe the scenery:
From the direct and indirect point of view, there are: positive and side description, imaginary writing (imagination and association) and real writing;
4. Use rhetorical devices: metaphor, comparison, exaggeration, analogy) (College Entrance Examination) Metonymous pun, rhetorical question, intertextuality;
3. Write by means of expression: comparison and contrast, comparison and contrast, quoting allusions (often taken in the college entrance examination), symbolizing, unfolding and sketching.
4. Write from the dynamic and static point of view: a scene that combines dynamic and static, or write static with dynamic; (college entrance examination)
5. From the perspective of observation, write: the combination of distant view and close view, and the combination of looking up and looking down; Up and down in space, the combination of high and low.
Write from the perspective of arousing the senses: vision (color), hearing (sound), smell (smell), taste and touch; Or synaesthesia.
The second: the method of describing characters.
1. From the direct and indirect point of view, the methods are: front and side description, imaginary writing (imaginary association) and real writing;
2. Use specific description means: language description, action description, expression description, appearance description, psychological description and detail description.
3. Use rhetoric to describe people: metaphor, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun, rhetorical question, irony;
4. Writing by expression: comparison, contrast, symbol, presentation and sketch.
The third way: lyric way.
1, express your feelings directly: express your feelings directly by expressing your feelings and arguments.
2. Indirect lyricism: expressing ambition by material (expressing reason), satirizing the present by ancient times, expressing emotion by classical works, expressing emotion by scenery, and expressing emotion by scenery (often tested in the college entrance examination).
The fourth way: structure (composition)
Contrast, front and back care, question and answer, Zhang Xianzhi, total score, combination of reality and reality, transition, details, person, suspense, want to promote first,
■ Fifth: language refinement.
Routine Q: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Variant question: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Refined words: verbs, words expressing colors, onomatopoeia, overlapping words, adjectives and adverbs, and other modifiers (such as ego, loneliness, loneliness, indifference, etc. ). Turn motion into static, and turn static into motion. Refine function words: numerals, conjunctions, adverbs, etc. Rhyme: change the word order
Note: Generally speaking, five-character poems are in the third word, and seven-character poems are refined in the fifth word.
Please pay special attention to the following different issues:
Routine Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem? (Focus on the overall language style)
Variant question: What kind of language style does this poem have? Let's talk about the language art of this poem.
Correct answer: generally choose the answer from these words (language characteristic terms): implicit, humorous, witty, straightforward, simple, elegant, vulgar, natural, fresh, beautiful and simple.
■ Sixth: analytical poetry (whether in the ideological content or the structural form of the whole article)
Q: Which word (sentence) in the poem plays a role in the whole poem?
Variant question: which word (sentence) in the poem is the key to the whole poem? Why?
Which word (sentence) in the poem has the function of controlling (summarizing) the whole poem? Why?