Author: wcm008802 published in China Historical Iron and Blood Forum/BBS _ 73.html.
Recently, the comparison between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu has become a hot topic, and its cause is nothing more than the Yu Liang complex of "Yu Sheng, why is it bright" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. People's rebellious attitude towards novels led to the unjust conviction of Zhou Yuming. It is true that The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is full of seven realities and three virtual elements, but it is unfair to lift Zhou Yu above Zhuge Liang.
According to Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms and Pei Songzhi's notes, from the standpoint of restoring the historical truth, we can look at the ancients with a neutral eye, distinguish their advantages and disadvantages, and perhaps talk about the resources after cooking. However, this evaluation is still inconclusive, and it can be corrected because of the limited historical materials. The scores are as follows:
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1, internal affairs:
Zhuge Liang 9.
Zhou Yu II.
Result: Brett won 7 points.
Analysis: Zhuge Liang is good at managing government affairs, which is an undoubted advantage. Shi Zailiang said: "Strictly enforce the law, ... be strict in science and education, be sure to believe in rewards and punishments, not punish evil, and not show good." As for the official, you can't be a traitor, the people are willing, the road is not picked up, the Xinjiang is not weak, and the weathering is awe-inspiring. " "The funerary wares can be governed and reasoned, but the suppression can be reasoned, and Xiao is a bad horse." The slight deficiency lies in the lack of talents and busy government affairs in Sichuan, so it is inevitable to do everything yourself, so I didn't enjoy my life well. So the score is 9.
Zhou Yu is a military talent, and the Wu government affairs are mainly presided over by Zhang Zhao and Lu Su. However, because Zhou Yu is in an important position and can help the court in a modest way, it is inevitable to involve government affairs, but he has not seen his outstanding achievements, so he won 2 points.
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2. Diplomacy
Zhuge Liang: 10.
Zhou Yu: 2.
Result: Guangming won 8 points.
Analysis: Zhuge Liang is a perfect diplomatic talent. He went to Jiangzuo, promoted the alliance between Sun and Liu, directly pulled Jiangdong Group, which could have been put aside, into direct confrontation with Cao Cao, and put Liu Bei, who had just been defeated, on an equal footing with Sun Quan Group, thus signing an equal treaty, rather than being in a dependent position. After the battle of Yiling, Sun and Liu reunited, abandoned the old grievances and reunited. Show its diplomatic tolerance and courage. So the score is 10.
Zhou Yu didn't set foot in diplomacy, let alone make outstanding achievements in the History of the Three Kingdoms. If you don't want to talk about it, you will be interviewed by Jiang Gan in Biography of Jiang Biao quoted by Pei Songzhi to show Wu Dong's prestige, but you will refuse to talk about Cao Cao's inducement to surrender. So the score is 2.
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3. Military
Zhuge Liang: 9.
Zhou Yu: 8.
Result: draw.
Analysis: This evaluation may confuse many war fans, but the military is not only a war, but also includes various comprehensive factors. Let's try to analyze them one by one.
Judging from the strength, combat power and outcome of all parties, military foresight is a draw, if not a bright victory. Turning Wu Dong and Pingnan into barbarians is a far-sighted victory. When you go out to pray for the mountain, there will be a dim candle, but it's a pity that the time has not come. Zhou Yu's foresight in the war was only shown in Battle of Red Cliffs, and his plan to attack Shu was blocked by his untimely death.
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Only when he commanded the army and deployed troops, Liang Sheng won, and Zhuge Liang had an eight-array map, which was handed down from generation to generation. After Liang died, he "retired and reported to the king, saying,' The best talent in the world!'" ""According to Wu Zhangyuan's martial arts, the strategy of' dividing the army and cultivating the land' was adopted, while' the people were blocked and the army was selfless', which showed the strictness and goodness of running the army. In the rise of Jiangdong Group, Zhou Yu mainly commanded the military. Although there is no record, he should also be a talented person in running the army, but he has no bright reputation. So the evaluation is bright.
On military affairs, Liang Sheng. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang's masterpieces handed down from generation to generation include Bing Yao and Eight Arrays, which Zhou Yu did not see.
As far as the record is concerned, it was a draw. Battle of Red Cliffs is the result of the joint efforts of Sun Liu Group and Qi Xin. In view of Zhou Yuduo's specific command, it can be judged as Yu Sheng. However, after Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu died young and made no achievements. Since then, Zhuge Liang has pacified barbarians, prayed for blessings five times, and was on an equal footing with Sima Yi, which can make up for his shortcomings in Battle of Red Cliffs.
4. Economy
Zhuge Liang: 10.
Zhou Yu: 0.
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Results: Bright win 10 points.
Analysis: As the prime minister of Shu, whether he can promote economic development is directly related to the people's livelihood of Shu and the key to winning the hearts of the people. Zhuge Liang is perfect in this respect. "Show your manners by caring for the people", "Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, fame is responsibility, hypocrisy is contempt; Finally, within the territory of the country, I love it with fear and fear. " Shu Han da zhi. In Zhang Wu, the original strategy of "dividing the army into different fields" was carried out, and "the people covered it up and the army was selfless". Although there was war, there was peace.
Therefore, Zhuge Liang was soon commemorated by the people of Shu Han after his death. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" reads: "In the spring of the sixth year of Jing Yao, Zhao set up a temple in Mianyang." Quote Xiangyang Ji to supplement one's karma: "When Liang Chu died, everyone begged to build a temple, but the court refused to listen to the ceremony, and the people offered sacrifices to the Tao because of the time. Those who say things or think that temples can be set up in Chengdu, the latter will not follow. Infantry commander Xi, Zhong Shulang Xiang Chong, etc. * * * said at his desk:' ... Liang Defan is famous far and near, and he has made great contributions to the world. The royal family is not bad, but the real people depend on it ...' So he began to follow it. "Later, will levy shu, also" the light of the temple ". The commemoration of Prime Minister Zhuge by the people of Shu and Han dynasties is a memory of a generation of virtuous ministers and an expectation of virtuous government. Today, the ancestral temple of the Prime Minister is still solemnly located in Chengdu, which has lasted for thousands of years without being destroyed. On Zhuge Liang, we can undoubtedly see that the traditional politicians in China have reached their extremely glorious image, so the score is 10.
Zhou Yu scored 0 because he didn't contribute to economic development.
5. Technology
Zhuge Liang: 10.
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Zhou Yu: 0.
Results: Bright win 10 points.
Analysis: This is an item easily overlooked by China people. Because China has always focused on politics and military affairs, it has not paid enough attention to science and technology. Zhuge Liang has made outstanding contributions in this respect. The History of the Three Kingdoms records Zhuge Liang's three great inventions, that is, "profit and loss are linked, and non-stop, all of which are unexpected." Pei cited Wei's "Spring and Autumn Annals": "Profit and loss are connected, which is called, with iron as the target, eight inches long, and ten thousand arrows are fired in unison." This is a big step forward in the military. This is an improvement of transportation. In the war, the soldiers and horses did not move, and the food and grass went first. Improving the means of production is also a great achievement. So the score is 10.
Zhou Yu is blank in this respect, so the score is 0.
6. Strategy
Zhuge Liang: 9.
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Zhou Yu: 2.
Result: Brett won 7 points.
Analysis: Zhuge Liang carried out political, economic, military and cultural activities under the guidance of his consistent strategic policy. We know that there are not many politicians or strategists with strategic heights in history. In the west, Hannibal lecter, Caesar and Napoleon rank as four great military strategists. Zhuge Liang is a rookie, and his strategic thinking has taken shape and matured. Longzhong has clarified the world trend for half a century. Just as the Yalta Conference after World War II marked the post-war political pattern, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang also determined the political pattern for the next half century when they met.
If "three points in the world" is Zhuge Liang's first strategy, then "unifying China" is Zhuge Liang's greater strategy. Zhuge Liang's tragedy also revolves around this grand strategy. Because since Liu Bei entered Shu and moved to Hanzhong, the three-point pattern has been set. They can also enjoy peace like Sun Quan Group. Although Sun Quan Group takes offense as defense, it is defense after all. The banner of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang is very clear-cut, that is, "unifying China". This is not only the sorrow of heroes, but also the sorrow of those who care about the country and the people. Because as Zhuge Liang analyzed, if we wait for the situation to change, then in the competition of comprehensive national strength, Wei will win in the long-term stability because of his possession of the Central Plains. Instead of waiting for the weather, do your best. If the situation has not changed, it is difficult for people to succeed in the end, but there is a three-point chance of winning. Therefore, Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms" commented on Zhuge Liang: "Isn't it because of its great strength that it has touched the masses for several years and failed?" In fact, it is unfair, because it will take several years, and Zhuge Liang who wants to unify China can't stand it; The so-called "coup" is often difficult to use in an era when the situation is basically stable. The only thing Zhuge Liang was regarded as failing to use the coup was that he did not adopt Wei Yan's plan and walked out of the evil valley. This is indeed its shortcoming.
Under the above two grand strategies, Zhuge Liang also has relatively specific strategies. This is what Sun Tzu's Art of War said: "Attack its city as the bottom, attack its heart as the top." The application of this strategy is to conquer barbarians, pacify the rear area and lay a solid foundation for the unification of China. This strategy focuses on "morality", influences people with moral power, pays attention to "potential" and intimidates people with great power. If we only rely on war to solve the problem, we can pacify the south in World War I, while the strategic solution has seven escapes and seven verticals. Please refer to Han Shu Jin Shu Chun Qiu quoted by Pei.
Incidentally, Mr. Yi Zhongtian had a Dongwu version of Longzhong Dui in the five years of Jian 'an, but this Dongwu version only had a short-term vision, but had no insight into the long-term situation in the next half century. Moreover, the "three pillars" of Cao Cao, Liu Biao and Sun Quan is an unstable power structure. In Lu Su's view, Liu Biao can be annexed quickly, but in fact it is only two points in the world. Zhuge Liang's strategy is the strategy of Emperor Gaozu's achievement in imperial industry, defending Yizhou and Jingzhou, which are dangerous and fertile, in order to compete for the world. However, the difference between the situation at the end of Qin Dynasty and that at the end of Han Dynasty is that the person who competed with Liu Bang for the world was Xiang Yu, but Xiang Xiang had no strategic vision. As Ruan Guangwu Mountain said, "When there is no hero, you will become famous." At the end of Han Dynasty, Liu Bei's opponents were Cao Cao and Sun Quan. Later, the situation changed, not Zhuge Liang's fault. So the score is 9.
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Zhou Yu's strategic vision is mainly reflected in the debate on whether the former Jiangdong Group in Chibi is a war or a surrender. To some extent, it is only an analysis of the current situation of the war and consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of both sides. As the cloud says, "Today, the northern soil is uneasy, and Jia and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is a problem for Cao Cao. And give up the pommel horse, to fight the boat, to compete with wuyue who is not directed by China. Nowadays, the cold weather and the lack of wormwood in horses have driven China literati to travel far and wide. If they don't study soil and water, they will get sick. These four men are also suffering from fighting, but Cao Cao is desperate. General, it is appropriate to fuck birds today. " This is entirely based on the analysis of the current war situation, and it is not difficult for military strategists such as Zhuge Liang and Lu Su to foresee it. As for how to use troops in Chibi and other wars, it is only tactical. To some extent, strategy belongs to the political level, and tactics belong to the war level, and they are not at the same level. So the score is 2.
7. Have a tolerant vision.
Zhuge Liang: 10.
Zhou Yu: 8.
Result: Brett won 2 points.
Analysis: Zhuge Liang is the instrument of the world, living in seclusion in Nanyang, so he is "self-comparable to Guan Zhong," and only "Boling Cui and Yingchuan are straightforward and friendly, which can be called trustworthy." This is not the popular way for modern people to flatter each other or do anything. Real heroes are often difficult to know when they are down and out, so "it is impossible for people to make promises", just like when Liu Bei relies on others. Similarly, when Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain, Zhou Yu was already very famous, but it should be noted that Zhou Yu was in command of the military at the front line after all, and his fame was often very early when he fought at the front line. Zhuge Liang is mainly in charge of the rear as an aide and prime minister, making suggestions. It's like Xiao He, Sean and Han Xin. Han Xin's record is obvious to all, and only Liu Bang knows the credit of Xiao He and Sean. Longzhong Dui shows Zhuge Liang's extraordinary insight and long-term vision, and then the situation is expected. When my late master died of illness, he said to Liang, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and achieve great things in the end. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. " As an orphan messenger, Zhuge Liang has an irreplaceable position. Obviously, as some people said, without Zhuge Liang, Han Shu Group will continue to do business as usual. Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms" commented: "There are few talents who are easy to relax, and they are the tools of British hegemony." "If you are bright, you will look at the dragon and embrace the four seas. If you retreat, you will cross the mausoleum and shake the space." Motivating yourself with the ambition of governing the country and securing the country is obviously better than Sun Quan Group, which is also the reason why the tragedy of Zhuge Liang or Shuhan Group won the sympathy and sadness of future generations. This is the tragedy of Confucius, Oedipus, Sisyphus and knowing what not to do. This spiritual strength was not inspired and shaped by Soochow Sun Quan Group.
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In Zhou Yu's "Soldiers of One Country", Pei quoted "Biography of Jiang Biao": "(Zhao) Pu ... Several graves threaten Yu. Yu's festival will be tolerated, and he will not be with the school. After the ceremony, he respected himself and said to people,' You won't get drunk if you drink with Zhou Jin's bus friends. At that time, people were impressed by their humility. "In the meantime, there was Jiang Gan, who said," I am afraid that I will become a minister soon if I am open-minded. ""I am afraid that I am far away from my voice, and Cao Gong and Liu Bei want to doubt it. " Obviously, Zhou Yu has a charming charm and a talent that scares opponents. This gift has two aspects. One is to make the opponent afraid. This is a military talent, and the other is that it is difficult to be a minister for a long time. Even with the latter possibility, Zhou Yu may only have Wang Ba's career in personal ability and ambition, but he is not as good as Zhuge Liang.
8, in the character image
Zhuge Liang: 10
Zhou Yu: 9
Results: Liangsheng scored 1.
Analysis: Characters can be analyzed from three aspects: Mr. Yi Zhongtian's historical image, literary image and folk image. In terms of historical image, as mentioned above, Zhuge Liang has a strong sense of mission to cherish the world, restore the Han Dynasty and inherit the Han Dynasty, which makes him a model for future generations who are interested in governing the country and leveling the world. His profound temperament and charming personality have become a solid foundation for Du Fu's poems, notes of the Tang Dynasty, scripts of the Song and Yuan Dynasties and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to create literary images. Therefore, following the historical image, Zhuge Liang's literary image will always be worthy of people's great books and eternal memory and commemoration. So there was the chanting, admiration and reverence of "Zhuge Wei is famous for his beauty" and "a hero who died before he could conquer, and died a long time ago". The Romance of the Three Kingdoms pushed Zhuge Liang's image to the extreme. Historical images and folk images first became the basis, which contributed to the writing of literary images, and in turn catalyzed the process of folk images deifying Zhuge Liang. Since Jing Yao established a shrine to commemorate Zhuge Liang in six years, Zhuge Liang, as a perfect image of high school students, has deeply penetrated into the soil of China culture. Therefore, some people think that Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms can be graffiti, and anyone who wants to be promoted can be demoted. This is purely ignorance and ignorance of culture. The emergence of Zhuge Liang's literary image has its long-term historical and folk basis. If you think that Luo Guanzhong belittles Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei and exalts Cao Cao, I'm afraid his readers' acceptance will be greatly reduced or even excluded. Because as an image with a widely accepted foundation, it has a general reading expectation psychology. If you want to completely violate this reading expectation, then your work is doomed to be impossible, and you are doomed to be a clumsy scholar.
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Zhou Yu's historical image is extremely thin. As far as the records in the History of the Three Kingdoms are concerned, they are far less than Zhuge Liang in terms of length, experience, twists and turns and events. The creation of the literary image of Romance of the Three Kingdoms has made Zhou Yu successful to some extent, because people always like to be called Yu Liang instead of Guan Cai since the Spring and Autumn Period. In the folk image, Zhou Yu is absent.
To sum up, Zhou Yu is a talented person with both civil and military skills, a leader among people, and an image of a romantic scholar. Then Zhuge Liang is a politician with both literary talent and talent, a dragon among people, a strategist and politician with a heavy and profound historical temperament. Zhuge Liang is famous for his elegance and profundity, and Zhou Yu is famous for his elegance and beauty.
9. Cultural contribution
Zhuge Liang: 9.
Zhou Yu: 2.
Brett won by eight points.
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Analysis: There are many works by Zhuge Liang, among which The Master Table is an eternal model. It is not only a masterpiece of spiritual sublimation, but also a model of expressing the text. "Bing Yao" and "Eight Arrays Map" are both masterpieces of military science, which can be used for reference by future generations, including Quan Zhi, Zayan, Fa Jian, Ling Ke and Eight Arrays Map.
Zhou Yu has no works handed down from generation to generation, but "he is good at music. Although there are mistakes after the three major congresses, I must know and manage them well. Therefore, people say,' There are mistakes in music, but Zhou Lang will deal with them.' "At that time, it was a beautiful talk, but it had little impact on later culture.
10, the concept of life
Zhuge Liang: 9.
Zhou Yu: 5.
Result: Brett won 4 points.
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Analysis: people are expensive and have ideas. It is not an idea to compete just for power and reputation. Ideas must be lofty and transcendent life beliefs and norms, which have been imitated and praised by thousands of generations. Cao Cao had an idea: "Bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles", "If the country is not alone, I wonder how many people call themselves emperors and how many people call themselves kings" and "What is life like when drinking? For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan. Be generous and unforgettable ... The woman in green lingers in my heart, but I have been thinking about you ... "A kind of compassion for ordinary people, thinking about stabilizing the world society, eager to recruit talents to achieve the cause of governing the country and leveling the world, and thinking about the meaning of life. Therefore, Cao Cao's poems always have a heavy sense of life and history, such as "being born from a turtle" and "watching the sea". It is incorrect to compare Lao Mao's poems with Cao Gong's now. It is true that Lao Mao's poems have the beauty of words, the spirit of emperors and the ambition of emperors, which can arouse the hearts of young people, but they obviously lack the life tone and historical consciousness in Cao Cao's poems, and even lack a feeling of compassion for the people. Similarly, Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch" shows his outlook on life incisively and vividly. Through the slowly flowing words, we can see the worries, missions, unfinished business and legacy of heroes, their diligence and selflessness in managing the country's political affairs, their indifference to the success or failure of history, their great ambition to realize the great cause of national reunification and their loyalty to the late emperor. This is the true feelings of the country and can not help but make people sigh. Born in sorrow and died in happiness, what kind of power inspired him to become a very important minister and the highest authority in Shu, unwilling to enjoy secular happiness and wandering in the wild frontier all his life. This can not only be explained as the special favor of the former emperor, but should be the determination and will to inherit the Han Dynasty and dedicate his life to the great cause of national reunification. This is a lofty concept that inspired him to fight for it all his life. Finally, Zhuge Liang is the only politician who can finish from beginning to end. Shang Yang, Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi, Kangxi, Mao, who can be as diligent as Zhuge Liang in his life, forget his life and persevere. So the score is 9.
Zhou Yu is a military genius, or he may make other contributions if he lives a long life. However, he didn't express his philosophy of life in any way, only from helping Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Battle of Red Cliffs and trying to levy Shu, we can see that he also accomplished the great cause of reunification. However, this desire is not clearly manifested, nor can it show the strong sense of life, culture and history as Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao, so he is unwilling to talk about his philosophy of life, so he scored 5 points.
Total score:
Zhuge Liang: 95.
Zhou Yu: 38.
Conclusion: This evaluation result may be unacceptable not only to scholars who compare Yu Liang and Zhou Yu's fans today, but also to Luo Guanzhong who wrote The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, because in fact, since Yu Liang is in their position, even if Zhou can't compare with Zhuge Liang, at least the difference is not far. But why are my scores so different here?
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I think there are several reasons: 1. Objectively speaking, Zhou Yu (175-2 10) lived too short. Chibi died shortly after the war, and his great ambitions in many aspects may not have been developed. Although Zhuge Liang (18 1-234) also died young, he had relatively enough time to start his career. 2. Yu Liang also said, in fact, mainly from the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the battle of wits, Luo Guanzhong wanted to show Zhuge Liang's wisdom. But in fact, Yu Heliang is not a level talent at all. Zhuge Liang is an accomplished generalist in politics, economy, military affairs, internal affairs, diplomacy, science and technology and culture. Zhou Yu is limited to the military field. If we really want to compare Yu Heliang, it is only a comparison in the military field. If we compare them in all directions, it will be difficult for them to see fairness. Luo Guanzhong's comparison is mainly confined to the military and intellectual fields. As the king of a country, Zhuge Liang has room to fully display his talents, while Zhou Yu is only a military leader, and Huang Gai coexists with him and contradicts him. Obviously, Zhuge Liang can't display his talents. But there are also reasons why they are in different positions, that is, Zhou Yu is an expert and Zhuge Liang is an expert and a generalist.
In short, Liu Bei Zhuge Liang Group not only holds high the banner of justice to save the people from fire and water, but also holds high the banner of inheriting the Han Dynasty in name and jurisprudence. Don't underestimate these two flags. It is these two flags that have won the lofty position of Liu Bei Group in the minds of later politicians, literati and ordinary people. Therefore, most rulers in the past dynasties will worship according to the wishes of the people. Scholars have written many books and the people will also worship them. In the Book of Jin, historians always think that Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge Liang is very low. Indeed, Chen Shou also evaluated Zhuge Liang mainly from military and political aspects, and as far as military is concerned, he could not see any difference between the situation in the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty and that in the end of the Qin Dynasty, and it was impossible to win without a coup. According to the existing visible records, during the Tang and Song Dynasties, the audience lamented the defeat of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang and wept bitterly, and rejoiced at the interesting phenomenon of Cao Cao's defeat. Therefore, Du Fu's "Shuxiang" has: "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and the heroes cried on their coats from then on! " Sing a sigh. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Shen Baozhen, the governor of Sichuan, also left a couplet in Wuhou Temple: "The land has a long history, and it came to the Prime Minister's Ancestral Temple in the south, and its name is like the universe; Bridge to Wan Li, east to Xiangyang to ask the old days. How many people in Jianglou remember each other? " In the eternal time memory, people will always cherish the memory of a generation of sages.