Ji Zha's criticism of China traditional literature.

Ji Zha's Zhou Optimism is a special article in Zuo Zhuan, which contains many factors of literary criticism. Although Ji Zha was commenting on Zhou Le, he was actually commenting on poetry, because poetry was pleasant at that time. Ma said, "There are 300 poems, and everyone can't appreciate them. ………… "Zuo Zhuan": Wu, please swim, make the workers sing the song, call south and travel to twelve countries. Without music, the poems of the Fourteen Kingdoms cannot be unified with Zhou Le. " (1) Although poetry without music may have less sensory function and Zhou Lezhong's dance cannot be reproduced, Zhou Le, who was commented by Ji Zha, can still see his subject in The Book of Songs. Therefore, we can sum up some characteristics of traditional literary criticism from Ji Zha's optimism about Zhou. From the very beginning, China literature attached great importance to the relationship with politics and religion, especially in the early period when literature did not gain independent status and developed consciously. The Book of Songs did not appear as a pure literary work at first, on the contrary, it had specific practical use occasions. For example, "During the Spring and Autumn Period, it was quite popular for officials and ministers to write poems to express their wishes. Poets borrow ready-made poems out of context to hint at their feelings. When talking to doctors or officials, they often quote some poems. " Moreover, poetry books consciously serve politics and religion. "The ancient emperor ordered history to collect poems and ballads in order to observe folk customs"; (3) "Meng Chunyue, the people who lived in groups dispersed, and pedestrians shook Muduo to the road to collect poems and give their surnames to win their temperament and be heard by the emperor. Therefore, you know the world without watching the door. " Since literature attaches importance to its social function, literary criticism naturally emphasizes political enlightenment. This is reflected in the Analects of Confucius: Confucius said: What is the poem of the boy Mo Xuefu? Poetry can be appreciated, observed, grouped and resented. Your father is a thing, and your father is a distant thing; Learn more about the names of birds, animals and plants. "Literary works are infectious and can' sense the will'. This is Xing. Readers can' test the gains and losses' and' observe the scenery' from literary works, which is the concept. Group means' learning from each other in the group', inspiring each other and honing each other. Resentment refers to' resentment stings politics' to promote political improvement. " ⑤

Judging from Ji Zha's evaluation of Zhou Le, he just combined music (literature) with politics and religion. He believes that political chaos will have an impact on music (literature), that is, music (literature) can be used to "test gains and losses" and "observe the rise and fall of customs." Because political chaos will affect people, and people's thoughts and feelings will be reflected in music (literature). Therefore, we can hear "diligence without complaining" from, and "worry without being sleepy" from, support and health. Music (literature) is also counterproductive to politics. Can "learn from each other's strengths" and inspire each other; It can "blame the government" and promote political improvement. Of course, bad music (literature) will also accelerate political corruption, so Confucius will release it, and he also heard Zheng say that it is "very refined and the people are comparable" and think that "it will die first?" However, it must be pointed out that there is no so-called voice of national subjugation, but the decadent voice encourages the social atmosphere of debauchery and enjoyment, leading to political corruption and national subjugation. Some people unilaterally exaggerate the reaction of music (literature) to politics and think that music (literature) can subjugate the country, thus introducing the criticism of music (literature) into mysticism. On poetry, Confucius emphasized the "gentle and honest" poetry teaching. He said: "Three Hundred Poems", in a word, said: thinking without evil ("Politics"), and said: "Guanju" is happy without lewdness, but sad without injury ("Bashu"). Ji Zha's poetry theory is very close to that of Confucius, and he pays attention to the beauty of neutralization in literature. He called it "diligent but not bitter", called support, support and Wei "worried but not sleepy", called money "happy but not lewd", and called Wei "big and graceful, risky and easy to do". The outstanding performance is his comments on Fu: "Straight but unyielding, bent but unyielding, near but not forced, far but not loaded, moving but not lewd, tireless, sad but not worried, happy but not barren, using without stopping, widely proclaiming, giving without consuming, taking without greed, and not flowing at the bottom". The exclamation is "excellent" because of "five tones and eight tones"

The tone is even, the degree is moderate, and it is orderly, so it is "the same as Shengde." It can be seen that Ji Zha's admiration for neutralization and beauty is indeed extreme.

The so-called China and the United States is the aesthetic reflection of the Confucian doctrine of the mean. Confucius realized that it is not good to have less or more, and things will decline when they reach their peak, so he "let them lose themselves." In personal feelings, you can't have mixed feelings. Gong Zizhen's "Too many joys and sorrows of teenagers, plain and true words" does not conform to Confucius' golden mean standard. Shi Shuo Xin Yu Xie An, a magnanimous person, heard the news of Jin Jun's victory in the battle of Feishui, and suppressed his joy, so that he broke his fangs. Gu Yong was very sad about losing his son, but he forced himself to restrain himself and said, "How can he be responsible for losing Ming?" ⑦ It is embodied in literary criticism, that is, it advocates suppressing too strong feelings in order to conform to the ceremony, and requires "being happy but not lascivious, being sad but not hurting". This has a direct impact on the formation of implicit and euphemistic style of classical poetry, because it is often to sigh three times rather than get it off your chest. Therefore, the artistic conception of literature has a deep charm and is quite chewy. But this is also one of the reasons why the tragedy of ancient Greece did not happen in China. China's traditional literary criticism, lacking systematic theory and rigorous logic, is often an impromptu text. A large number of poetic words belong to this category, while systematic ones such as Wen Xin Diao Long and Yuan Shi are different. As Mr. Ye Jiaying said, the traditional literary criticism in China is designed for the deep-rooted people, while the western literary criticism takes care of the deep-rooted people. In this way, on the contrary, China's literary criticism seems more brilliant. For example, Shi Pin, like Si Kong Tu, is written simply in poetic language, and Lu Ji's Wen Fu is also a delicate and beautiful article. However, this impressionist literary criticism also has its shortcomings. Because Reagan is a minority after all, although the author has written some opinions for further study, readers are often confused. For example, Mr. Wang Jing 'an's "The Thorn on Earth" is a recognized masterpiece, but there are many lawsuits about "where there is me", "where there is no me" and what is "leaving" and "staying". On the one hand, although it is restricted by readers, as mentioned above, Reagan is a minority after all; On the other hand, it also lies in the fuzziness of concepts and expressions. And there are indeed some empty poetic words, which are faint and clear. Just like some cases in Zen Buddhism, some monks claim to be enlightened and say some specious things. But whether it is realized or not, God knows. Because there is no standard for judging. Regardless of the quality of this criticism, we only look at its roots, which originated in the pre-Qin period.

The Analects of Confucius has such a record:

Zi Gong said, "Poor but not flattering, rich but not arrogant?" Confucius said, "Yes; If you are not poor, you will be happy, and if you are rich, you will be polite. "

Zi Gong said, What does the Book of Songs mean if it says' if incisive, if incisive, if polished'? Confucius said, "If you give me a gift, you can tell me that the Book of Songs is over." (Learning)

Xia Zi asked, "I am smart and smiling. I look forward to it with beautiful eyes, so I think it is gorgeous." What is it? Confucius said, "Painting is afterwards. "

Say, "After the ceremony?" Confucius said, "Giving is also business! I can only say Poetry. " (Bashu)

The son's name is Shao, "both beautiful and good." Call it "Wu", "perfect, but not perfect." (Bashu)

As can be seen from the first two, literary criticism is quite flexible, especially the use of association. Just as Wang Guowei refined three words to summarize the three realms of scholarship, this is also an impression criticism. Although the author is not necessarily, the reader is not necessarily. This is different from Zhang Huiyan's insistence that the author must be so obsessed with this intention.

The third comment is very similar to Ji Zha's. Ji Zha commented like this:

"Look at the dance" Dawu ". Say:' beautiful! "Zhou Zhisheng, too, if so," ... look at Shaoban's dancers. Say:' Virtue is supreme! Great, such as the sky, such as the earth. Although it is virtuous, its contempt is attached to it. Be careful. I dare not invite him if he is happy. " "

Great Martial Arts is a dance by Zhou Wuwang. There is irony in Ji Zha's praise, that is, Confucius said, "It is perfect, but it is not perfect." Shao Zan is a dance of Shun, but Ji Zha's praise is hard to say, that is, Confucius said that "beauty is like a fairy". Here, Ji Zha's comments are both a criticism of the impression and the image. Because Confucius and Ji Zha have similar views and comments, I quote The Analects of Confucius to illustrate the critical method of this article. Give a few more examples of Ji Zha's comments on Zhou Le:

"For the song" qi ". You said,' Beautiful, magnificent and windy! What's so great about those people who represent the East China Sea?' "

"Wei" for the song dynasty. Say:' beautiful, hehe! Great and graceful, risky and easy to do, supplemented by virtue, you will know the master. " "

"For the song" lesser ". Say:' beautiful! Think without thinking, complain without saying anything, is it the decline of Zhou De? There are still followers of my late king. " "

"For the song Fenghua. Say:' wide! Xi Hu! What is the virtue of Wen Wang's straightness? " "

……

It is a criticism of impression and image. With the wings of association and synaesthesia, natural personnel can do anything.

Precautions:

(1) Shi Mao's "A General History of the Mirror" Volume 1: On Poetry Entering Music

(2) Guo Yuheng editor of the history of ancient Chinese literature, the first volume.

③ Kong's inauguration trip.

(4) "Hanshu Shihuozhi"

⑤ Selected literary theories of past dynasties

6. Yu Jiaxi's Notes on Shi Shuo Xin Yu.