The Fisherman is a dialogue between the fisherman and Confucius (and his disciples). The Songs of Chu
The Fisherman is a dialogue between the fisherman and Qu Yuan. Thirdly, the fisherman and his writing in the two works are not the same, but we can vaguely feel that there is some internal connection between the two fishermen-some similarity in character or thought.
This leads us to compare, discuss and analyze the authors, creation time, fisherman's image and will of these two works. It seems that no one in academic circles has discussed or commented on this so far.
Let's talk about the authors and creation years of the two works first. Zhuangzi Fisherman is one of Zhuangzi's essays, and Zhuangzi is based on Hanshu.
There are fifty-two records in Yi Wen Zhi, and the book we saw today is thirty-three. Based on Guo Xiang's Notes on Zhuangzi in Jin Dynasty, this book is divided into three parts: internal (7), external (15) and miscellaneous (1 1). Generally, scholars believe that Zhuangzi wrote the internal chapters himself, while most of the external miscellaneous articles were written by Zhuangzi, a few were written by his disciples, and some were falsely entrusted by later generations. Some scholars believe that most of the internal, external and miscellaneous articles were written by Zhuangzi himself, and a few were written by his disciples or entrusted by later generations. This question has not been concluded yet. But The Fisherman is in Sima Qian's Historical Records.
There is a clear record in Laozi's Biography of Han Fei that Zhuangzi "wrote a fisherman, stole his feet, and laughed at Confucius in a jacket to show Laozi's skill." In addition, the contents contained in Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals involve Zhuangzi, and there are also articles about fishermen. It can be seen that The Fisherman was written by Zhuangzi. The book Zhuangzi should be produced in the Warring States Period (the book should be completed no later than the early years of the Western Han Dynasty), which seems to be recognized by the academic circles. The Songs of Chu
"Fisherman" according to "Hanshu"
Chu Ci written by Yi and Wang Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty is considered to be a work of the Warring States Period, and the author is Qu Yuan. Wang Yi said, "The fisherman was written by Qu Yuan. Qu yuan was demoted, and between Jiang and Xiang, he lamented and changed his appearance. Fishermen, on the other hand, live in seclusion, fishing by the river and enjoying themselves. When I met Qu Yuan's Chuanze territory, I asked him strangely and answered accordingly. Chu people miss Qu Yuan and tell their stories. " In this regard, the representative figures in the field of Chu Ci (such as Zhu)
, Hong Xingzu, Wang Fuzhi, Jiang Ji, etc. ) There is no objection. Some scholars, according to Qu Yuan's appearance in the third person, claimed that it did not conform to the writing habits of the ancients, and suspected that Qu Yuan did not write this article. In this regard, Hong Xingzu's Supplement to the Songs of the South Song Dynasty said: "Buju and the fisherman all assume that questions and answers are sent to the ear." It is believed that the question and answer in the article is not a true record, but the author deliberately relies on the question and answer to express his wishes. In the Qing Dynasty, Jiang Ji's Notes on Chu Ci in Mountain Pavilion also said: "The fisherman doesn't know whether there is a blessing, and the experience of surging waves on the river beach can be imagined." It should be said that these judgments are in line with the actual work. Therefore, Zhuangzi
Fisherman and Songs of the South
The Fisherman was written by Zhuangzi (or his disciple), who was written by Qu Yuan himself. In other words, there should be no doubt that the fathers of the two fishermen were not written by the same author.
So, why are there two works with exactly the same title? Could it be that Qu Yuan read Zhuangzi?
After the fisherman, he had a desire to create, so he used the topic to write a work of the same name, but the meaning was different-using the image of the fisherman as a contrast or contrast of Qu Yuan's own image, the fisherman in his article and the fisherman in Zhuangzi had different ideas about life? The author believes that this possibility exists for the following reasons:
First, according to historical records, Zhuangzi.
The Biography of Lao Zi Han Fei Zi was born in Monti (also known as Meng County), but he has been to Chu State many times in his life or lived in the southern region (as can be seen from what Zhuangzi wrote). Influenced by the folk customs of southern Chu, his thoughts and works are deeply contaminated with the romantic and exotic imagination style of the south, which is the premise for Qu Yuan to identify with or accept its influence.
Secondly, Zhuangzi and Songs of the South show extreme romanticism in literary style. Liu thinks that they are very similar in "narrating the travel, leaving behind the dust and being absurd" (On the Differences between North and South Literature), while Lu Xun says that they are both "fearless and dare not speak of their predecessors" (On Moro Poetry), that is to say, from the artistic style of the two works, it can be revealed that Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi share the same aesthetic mentality.
Third, Zhuangzi, Qu Yuan and Lao Zi all have certain relations. As a Taoist figure, Zhuangzi's thought was obviously influenced by Laozi (later generations regarded Laozi and Zhuangzi as the founder of Taoist thought) and Sima Qian's Historical Records.
Laozi's Biography of Han Fei describes the relationship between Zhuangzi and Laozi: Zhuangzi "learned everything, but attributed it to Laozi's words." "I wrote about the fisherman, the foot thief and the jacket to mock Confucius' disciples and show Lao Tzu's skill." Visible, "Zhuangzi"
The original purpose of The Fisherman is to clarify Laozi's thoughts and academics. There are obvious traces of Taoism and Laozi in Qu Yuan's thoughts and works. There are traces of Taoist thought in Lisao, Xi Yong, Si and Shejiang, and the article Yuan You has a strong Taoist thought. Qu Yuan's works, like Lao Zi, are all written by Chu people, so he often writes Chu language and uses the word "Xi" more often. "Ann can observe with her own body. What about the people who collect things?" The sentence patterns and expressions are very similar to those written in Chapter 20 of Laozi: "Everyone is bustling. If you enjoy too much prison, it will be like spring on the stage. I am lonely, it is not a sign, like an unborn child of a baby. Hehe, if there is no return, everyone will be willing but unable. If I am alone, my heart is a fool. Chaos, laity, I fainted alone, laity, I was bored alone. If it is like the sea, it is endless. Everyone has some, but I am stubborn and contemptuous. I am different from others, and eating my mother is more expensive. " Can you say that Qu Yuan's works are not influenced by Laozi, and are not influenced by Laozi?
Fourth, they lived in almost the same era and had a slight sequence-Zhuangzi was contemporary with Qi Xuanwang and Chu Weiwang in the middle of the Warring States Period (see Historical Records
Lao Tzu's biography of Han Fei), Qu Zhili was in the middle and late Warring States period, at the same time with the King of Chu (see Historical Records
Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng). Specifically, Zhuang Zisheng died around 370 BC to 280 BC, while Qu Yuan's life time is generally considered to be around 343 BC to 290 BC, that is to say, Qu Yuan was born about 30 years later than Zhuangzi, which should be the possible condition for him to see Zhuangzi's works-a little later in time and geographically close (both in southern Chu). Of course, there is also a question about the possibility of dissemination of works.
Fifth, it is precisely because of the above points that Qu Yuan has the possible conditions to be influenced by Zhuangzi Thought or Zhuangzi's works to some extent. If we are interested in comparing Zhuangzi's and Qu Yuan's poems, we will find that they are similar not only in artistic expression style, but also in many sentence patterns or words, which is one of the bases for judging their possible relationship. Let's take a look: Jiuge has the idea of "governing Yin and Yang by clearing qi", and Zhuangzi has the idea of "governing six qi by the meaning of heaven and earth". "Shooting the River" has "the same life as heaven and earth, and the same light as the sun and the moon." "Zhuangzi" has the saying that "I share the same light with the sun and the moon, and I am at peace with heaven and earth". "Sorrow returns to the air" has the feeling of "looking at the continent of the great river and mourning for the disciples." "Zhuangzi" has "Shen Tudi admonished but didn't listen, throwing stones into the river." "Evocation" has "Ten sunrises, and the stone is more important." "Zhuangzi" has "Ten days before the rose, everything shines." "Journey" has "the Tao can be collected, but it cannot be passed on." "Zhuangzi" has the saying that "Tao can be spread but not accepted". There are many similar examples.
Sixth, Zhuangzi.
The image of the fisherman in The Fisherman is revealed in the dialogue with Confucius and his disciples (mainly with Confucius). The main purpose of what he said is to point out the shortcomings of Confucius (or criticize Confucius)-that Confucius is out of date and seeks his own government, that he advocates benevolence, propriety, loyalty and morality, and that he is "working hard and endangering the truth" and that Taoism should be advocated. Confucius' disciples didn't quite understand what the fisherman said, but after listening to his words, Confucius understood very well that he was lucky to meet a saint and heard some enlightening sermons from him. This should be said to have inspired Qu Yuan to a great extent. What he wants is the fisherman's understanding of society and life and his image, which has been recognized and even worshipped by people (including Confucius). He can borrow his own works instead of the fisherman in Zhuangzi.
The content in The Fisherman itself was promoted by it in Zhuangzi.
The image projected in The Fisherman is in sharp contrast with Confucius, which can be used to compare Qu Yuan's tall, stalwart and self-disciplined quality and image. Some people think that Qu Yuan really had the experience of meeting fishermen and talking during his exile. The novel The Fisherman is a record of this real experience. The author thinks that this is not only inconsistent with the creative style of Qu Yuan's overall romantic imagination, but also with people's common sense. It is said that Qu Yuan's The Fisherman is a combination of reality and fiction-its form of expression is virtual reference, and its ideological connotation is sincere expression, which is probably more in line with objective reality.
Seventh, although the overall conception and process description of the two works of The Fisherman are different, the similarities and differences can be clearly distinguished in the frame structure-both begin with the encounter between the fisherman and the protagonist and end with the departure of the fisherman at the end of the dialogue. The novella is a dialogue between the fisherman and the hero (both are the core themes of the work), which embodies the author's creative theme. Look at the two fishermen first. Zhuangzi
In "Fisherman", the fisherman heard someone "playing the string and playing the piano" on the shore of the "curtain forest" (above the apricot altar) in order to get off the boat "before the music is played" and "put his left hand on his knees and listen with an H in his right hand". At the end of the Song Dynasty, the scholar (a disciple of Confucius) was asked, "Who?" Then Confucius was introduced, and the fisherman's outspoken comments on Confucius aroused Confucius' respect and interest, and then there was the main dialogue between Confucius and the fisherman. The Songs of Chu
The appearance of the fisherman in The Fisherman is relatively simple. No one was extradited, so he came straight to the point, and the two protagonists appeared directly-Qu Yuan "swam in Hechi, sang on the river bank" and "the fisherman met the question", which led to the main dialogue between the two. That is to say, from the appearance of the two fishermen, they seem to be different: they are both on the river bank-the former is that the fisherman disembarked and went to the original (Zean), and the latter is that the fisherman met Qu Yuan directly on the river bank; After a brief background explanation, the main dialogue between the fisherman and the protagonist (Confucius and Qu Yuan) began. Watch the exit of two fishermen. Zhuangzi
At the end of The Fisherman, Confucius repeatedly expressed his gratitude and admiration for the fisherman's preaching. The fisherman hoped that Confucius would encourage him and then "stab the boat and go to the riverside." After the fisherman left, Confucius "waited for the waves to settle before riding." Later, he expressed his respect for the fisherman to his disciples and scolded them for making trouble without reason. The Songs of Chu
The Fisherman is a dialogue between the fisherman and Qu Yuan. The fisherman found that he couldn't convince Qu Yuan, so he "smiled and left." Singing "Song of Canglang", "Just leave, no more words." Both endings are meaningful, but they are in sharp contrast, and the forms of expression can be described as differences and similarities-both fishermen set sail after the dialogue, leaving a lingering aftertaste. It can be said that the two works show the whole process and the complete flavor of the story.
Eighth, the character design of the two fishermen seems to be familiar or somewhat familiar with the protagonists of their respective dialogues, and they can honestly express their opinions on their words and deeds and things they encounter. In Zhuangzi, the fisherman greeted the composer when he heard this song, and then expressed his feelings. On the surface, it seems that he doesn't know who Confucius is (so he asked his disciples). In fact, he deliberately posed as a saint beyond the world in front of Confucius, accusing, teaching and enlightening Confucius; The fisherman of Chu Ci met Qu Yuan by chance in Zepan. Although Qu Yuan was "haggard and haggard" at that time, the fisherman could recognize him at a glance and said, "This son is not Dr. San Lv and? Why? " It can be seen that he not only knew Qu Yuan, but also clearly understood his previous identity and status. After being surprised by Qu Yuan's actual situation, he naturally published his own philosophy of life and ways of dealing with the world to convince Qu Yuan.
Ninth, the most remarkable part is the main part of the two works, that is, the dialogue between the fisherman and the two protagonists: the former is the extradition figure (Confucius disciple) who first appeared, and then the text is transformed-the dialogue between the fisherman and Confucius, with the fisherman as the main character; The latter is the dialogue between the fisherman and Qu Yuan directly, and they both have their own opinions. Although the two dialogues are different in length, they respectively show the similarities and differences between the two fishermen's outlook on life and philosophy of life, highlighting the completely different philosophy of life and philosophy of life of the two protagonists, leaving a profound implication for readers. Specifically, Zhuangzi
The content expounded by the fisherman in The Fisherman is not only aimed at Confucius, but also a demonstration of Taoism. Zhuangzi's theory belongs to Laozi and Historical Records.
Laozi's Biography of Han Fei recorded that Confucius was suitable for Zhou and asked Laozi to be polite. Lao Tzu replied. Upon hearing this, Confucius felt sorry for his disciples, saying that when he saw Laozi, he saw the dragon riding, which was similar to that of Zhuangzi.
The contents contained in The Fisherman are almost the same-Confucius' disciples heard what the fisherman said, told Confucius that Confucius expressed his feelings for his disciples and said that he had met a saint, and then questioned the fisherman and listened to his great teachings. From the fisherman's arrogant attitude and contemptuous preaching to Confucius, we can see that Zhuangzi's The Fisherman not only expresses the Taoist thought of "respecting nature and emphasizing truth" through the fisherman's mouth, but also mercilessly criticizes the Confucian concept of benevolence, righteousness, loyalty and filial piety and the system of rites and music. The fisherman's image seems to have the shadow of Laozi's image to some extent, and he was deliberately designed by Zhuangzi. Accordingly, "Songs of Chu"
The fisherman in The Fisherman is a hermit. He believes and advocates that "saints can coexist with the world without clinging to things". The world is cloudy, so why not muddy it and make waves? "After understanding Qu Yuan's experience, he put forward the view that people should be sensible, sensible and keep pace with the times, and think that people don't have to stick to this in the world-"Why think deeply, why hold high? "This idea, this image, and" Zhuangzi "fisherman really have similarities," Zhuangzi "fisherman said to Confucius," People who are afraid of evil and leave the shadow, the more they raise their feet, the more they get sick and don't leave, thinking that it is too late, scurrying endlessly, and all one's strength can do. I don't know where to enjoy the cool, but I am silly when I am quiet. "Are the two fishermen's exhortations somewhat similar-similar in shape but similar in spirit, different in spirit but identical in meaning? The author thinks that it is precisely because of this that Qu Yuan will use Zhuangzi fishermen to set off his image, in order to set off his own "can you look at yourself and be inferior to things?" "Ann can white dust? To show the great image of a completely honest and upright person. Zhu was right: "The fisherman's beggar gang was also a hermit at that time, or he had an ear. ".In fact, this fisherman is a gentleman, with his own ambition, no way, and no plan at different times. The meaning of the song "Song of Canglang" that he sang after persuading Qu Yuan to leave failed was very clear: "The water of Canglang is clear, you can stand on my tassel, and the water of Canglang is turbid, you can stand on my feet. "That is to say, when the water of the surging waves is clear, it is the time when the world is cold and the scholars are promoted-they should seize the opportunity to decorate their crowns and take the official position at this time. When the water in the turbulent waves is turbid, it is the dark time in troubled times. Scholars should retreat in time, and should not hesitate to stay and make a gesture and ask for more happiness. In fact, the fisherman said a truth, which he and ordinary people understood at that time, but unfortunately Qu Yuan did not listen. Qu Yuan's purpose in writing this fisherman is to do the opposite and further highlight his firm will to realize his ideal and ambition. If Thaksin follows the fisherman's philosophy, it is not Qu Yuan, and it is impossible to have this work. Incidentally, Zhuangzi Shu written by Cheng in the Tang Dynasty thinks that the fisherman in Zhuangzi is Vietnamese: "The fisherman is more like a fisherman who assisted Gou Jian, the king of Yue, decided the affairs of Wu, took a boat, swam the three rivers and five lakes, changed his name and surname, and called himself the fisherman, that is, the person Qu Yuan met. " [5]
This is absolutely speculation. Fan Li lived in the era of wuyue War, and the reign of Fu Cha was from 495 BC to 476 BC. Even after the fall of the King of Wu, Fan Li lived for many years, and in any case he would not exceed 65,438+0,000 years old. It should be noted that Zhuang Zi was born around 370 BC and Qu Yuan was born around 343 BC. Isn't this a historical joke? ! However, Cheng's mistake made us influenced by Zhuangzi.
The fisherman thought of the fisherman of Chu Ci, because he mentioned Qu Yuan through the fisherman in Zhuangzi.
Based on the above analysis and elaboration, we should be able to draw a preliminary judgment: Qu Yuan's Fisherman is probably inspired by Zhuangzi Fisherman, and he borrowed Zhuangzi.
The image of the fisherman, the frame structure of the story, and the dialogue between the fisherman and the protagonist in The Fisherman have all changed their main content and theme connotation to serve the expression and portrayal of their own thoughts and feelings, thus completing an article with Zhuangzi.
The Fisherman, a new work with the same topic and different meanings, has added an essential and important chapter to Qu Yuan's poetic achievements and his image in the history of China's poetry and literature.