Appreciation of farewell poems.
When sending Yuan Er to Anxi
Wang Wei
The rain in the early morning moistened the dust of the land, the inn of the inn, the branches and leaves of the inn, and a new leaf
I advise you to have a glass of wine. There is no reason not to go out.
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Wang Wei (70 1~76 1), a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote this song "Send Yuan Er An Xi" (also known as "Yangguanqu"), which has been widely read throughout the ages. In my opinion, this poem is a rare flower in China's poetry. Strange is strange, which is different from ordinary farewell poems; With the help of the transformation of time and space, it creates an intriguing farewell atmosphere, achieves a shocking artistic appeal, and has a high artistic conception. However, for thousands of years, literati and scholars failed to accurately grasp the style of the poem and misinterpreted the meaning of the poem on the hope of literature, thus reducing its style and taste. This is a poem to send a friend to the western regions to defend the border. Anxi is the abbreviation of Duhu House established by the central government of Tang Dynasty to govern the western regions. In the era of Wang Wei, conflicts among various ethnic groups intensified, and the Tang Dynasty was constantly harassed by Tubo in the west and Turkic in the north. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), Cui Dayi, the deputy envoy of Hexi Festival, defeated Tufan. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Wang Wei to go to the frontier fortress to comfort him and visit the military intelligence. Along the way, he wrote famous frontier fortress articles such as To Frontier fortress and To Frontier fortress. Yangguanqu is a work written by Wang Wei in his later years. Its creation date is estimated to be after the "An Shi Rebellion". According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, in July of the first year of Germany (756), "recruiting soldiers from Hexi and Anxi"; In February of the second year of Zhide, he wrote: "Fengxiang is on the tenth day, and there will be military meetings in Longyou, Hexi, Anxi and the western regions." Therefore, when it was learned that the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, a large number of border soldiers made internal adjustments. This poem is written when friends are going to Anxi. At the same time, there are poems such as "seeing Zhang Hexi" and "seeing Anxi straight". There is no doubt that when he says goodbye to his friends who are about to leave, the author will not fail to consider the influence of the war on their future. The first two sentences of the poem are about the holiday scenery at the time of farewell, depicting ordinary scenery, but full of poetry and painting. Three or four sentences express a deep affection for friends. However, in some authoritative dictionaries and textbooks, the last two sentences are explained as follows: "Friend, you will never see your old friends again if you drink this cup of wine ..." The author thinks that this explanation is obviously subjective and arbitrary, and it does not really reflect the profound meaning of Wang Wei's sentence, nor does it reveal the beauty of these two sentences in expression. First of all, with such a simple and straightforward explanation, this poem seems to be nothing new, and there is nothing special compared with his similar works in this period. It can only be regarded as a very ordinary farewell poem, which is obviously inconsistent with the title that later generations have always praised it as "a masterpiece of Tang poetry". There must be some other meaning, but we have not paid attention to it and excavated it; Secondly, this is a poem to send friends to protect the border. Faced with the cruelty of war, the author who has been to the frontier fortress knows quite well, "How many people fought in ancient times?" It is generally impossible for him to say "you will never see your old friends again" to hurt friends and offend poems-this is unreasonable; Besides, from the analysis of the meaning of the poem itself, friends don't have to wait until after "Yangguan" to see the author. Didn't you see the author after the Acropolis? In fact, even if a friend really goes to Anxi, he can meet an "old friend" from his hometown. For example, Cen Can wrote in the poem "Liangzhou Pavilion and Judge's Night Gathering": "There are many old friends in Hexi Curtain, so I won't come on March 5." So, what is the special significance of the word "Yangguan" in this poem? The author thinks that these two sentences of the author actually use the inverted arm (that is, the flashback of narrative theme) and the writing technique of ellipsis to guide the reader's thoughts to explore the territory with young friends, and then go through all kinds of hardships and finally return home in triumph. However, the current farewell "I" is afraid of dying because of old age and illness ... The historical truth is that less than six years have passed since the author bid farewell to his friends. We don't know whether they will meet again in the future, but these two poems by Wang Wei can reflect the long military career of friends and the helplessness of thinkers. Therefore, the poem's "going out of Yangguan in the west" does not mean that a friend has recently gone out of Yangguan, but that a friend will pass through Yangguan when he returns from a successful mission in the future. For a long time, "Going out of the Yangguan in the Western Heaven" has been simply understood as a friend going out of the Yangguan, but here it is a pun: according to the development order of time and space, it has two completely different scenes. The first "going out of Yangguan in the west" means that a friend just walked out of Yangguan during the trip, and the Acropolis is in the east and Yangguan is in the west, which is called "going out of the west". Most people hold this view; Another painting, "Going out to Yangguan in the West", shows a friend leaving Yangguan after finishing his task after going through all kinds of hardships. The Acropolis is still in the east, and the Yangguan is still in the west, but it is called "going out to the west". This is the author's original intention. It can be seen that ordinary people misunderstand friends who come out of the West as coming out of the West! It is not difficult to understand that in the face of the unknown future after their separation, the author can't help daydreaming endlessly, and once this kind of thought passes through time and space and individuals, it will produce a gripping artistic conception with unparalleled shocking power, and the author successfully transforms and compresses time and space for this purpose. It must be pointed out that Yangguan, located at the western end of Hexi Corridor, is opposite Yumenguan in the north. Since the Han dynasty, it has been the gateway from the mainland to the western regions and a military fortress. The outside of Yumenguan is basically the sphere of influence of the Turks, while the inside of Yangguan belongs to the territory of the Tang Dynasty. In my opinion, only when a friend can get out of the "sunshine pass" in the future can he really show that he has come back safely. We can find from the words "Three Stories of Yangguan" in Chun Xue in Yuan Dynasty that the ancients always interpreted it this way: "... don't worry, I advise you to drink a glass of wine, for fear that you will wander like a dream for no reason when you leave the Western Heaven. I'm afraid people have no reason to go to the west ... "Therefore, an accurate and complete interpretation of this poem should be like this:
friend
Please drink another glass of wine.
When you come home in triumph in the future.
When I left Yangguan in the west,
I'm afraid I'll never see me again.
Only this
The drizzle in Weicheng
Qingqingde rest house
Willow dances with the wind.
Just like today.
Wait and see here! It's not that the author is seeing his friend off, but that the friend is seeing the author off! The author Wang Wei skillfully used this writing technique, and with the help of the transformation of time and space, he closely combined the national security, the cruelty of war, the friendship of friends and the brevity of life, and achieved a shocking artistic appeal. In fact, this grammatical structure has been used many times in Wang Wei's poems. For example, the sentence "I know where my brother climbs, and I miss someone everywhere" in "I miss my brothers in Shandong on vacation in the mountains" expresses the author's thoughts about his loved ones from another angle; In the poem Farewell in the Mountain, which is similar to Yangguanqu, we can also appreciate the author's ingenuity in this respect: "Friend, I have been watching you go down the mountain until it is dark; The grass turns green again in spring, but what about you, my friends' prince? " . Wang Wei's grammar skills even inspired later writers. For example, in Bai Juyi's poem "Winter Solstice in Handan", "I want to sit at home late at night, but I also want to talk about people who travel far away", so it is not difficult to feel his influence. Re-understanding the significance of Wang Wei's "Yangguanqu" makes us feel strongly again: as an author, only by closely linking personal destiny with the rise and fall of the country can we create great works belonging to that era. Wang Wei, the author, is well aware of the cruelty of war, and that his friend's expedition can be described as a narrow escape, and that this separation may mean farewell. But he still wishes his friends, expects them to return safely, and expects the country to move towards peace and prosperity from now on-although he may not wait for that day ... "Advise you to drink a glass of wine", which not only permeates the author's deep affection for friends, but also is full of his good wishes for peace and tranquility of the country! -This is the charm of Yangguanqu, which has been sung for thousands of years!
2. Appreciation of farewell poems
Send a friend away
Lipper
Green mountains are located on the north side of the city wall, and the sparkling water surrounds the east of the city. Here we say goodbye to each other, and you, like losing your father, are floating in the wind and traveling far away.
Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. With a wave of his hand, he will be separated from now on, and his friend on horseback will carry him on a long journey, blowing a long wind, as if reluctant to leave.
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This is an affectionate farewell poem. The author expresses the meaning of farewell by describing the farewell environment and rendering the atmosphere. In the first couplet, "the mountains in the north are blue and the water in the east is white" explains the farewell place. The author has sent his friends out of the city, but they are still together and unwilling to part. I see in the distance, green mountains span the northern part of the outer city, and sparkling water flows around the eastern part of the city. In these two sentences, "Qingshan" versus "Baishui" and "Northland" versus "Dongcheng", the first couplet is a beautiful antithetical sentence with a unique style; And "green" and "white" alternate with each other, and the colors are bright and beautiful. The word "horizontal" outlines the static posture of Qingshan, and the word "around" depicts the dynamics of Baishui, with accurate and vivid words. Poems and pens are freely written, depicting a vast and beautiful picture. I didn't see the word "farewell", but the end of my pen was clearly full of farewell feelings.
The following two sentences are about love. The author compares a friend's wandering life to a lonely tree crown, saying: If you leave here, you are like loose grass dancing with the wind, drifting thousands of miles away. Semantically, this couplet can be regarded as a conjunction, that is, the two couplets are semantically inherited. However, it is wrong, even wrong, simply from the correct point of view. It just embodies Li Bai's poetic style of "natural carving" and conforms to the view that the content of the ancients is not bound by form. The sentence "You must leave me here and drift away" in this couplet has a sudden change of meaning, which tears the poetic feeling of the couplet and has a tragic and touching power. The ancients often compared the wandering life with cornices, cornices and cornices, because both of them have a common feature, that is, let nature take its course and let other things flirt involuntarily. Therefore, the image of "phoenix" in this sentence is very heavy and unbearable, so "treasure" is incomparable. Taibai set Wang Qi's note cloud: "The floating clouds have gone without a trace, so it means drifting;" It's not as good as human feelings if the sunset doesn't go. " These two poems express the author's deep concern for his friends. They write fluently and naturally, and their feelings are sincere.
The tie "I will think of you in the clouds, so think of me in the sunset" shows the broad background of parting: a white cloud is floating away on the horizon, and a red sun is slowly falling to the horizon. At this time, this scene made the author feel reluctant to go. These two sentences "floating clouds" to "sunset" and "wandering" to "old human feelings" are also neat and to the point. The author not only writes about scenery, but also skillfully uses "floating clouds" as a metaphor for friends: just like floating clouds on the horizon, their whereabouts are uncertain and they follow their inclinations. Who knows where they will go? The meaning of infinite concern naturally overflowed, and the red sun slowly set, throwing the last ray of light into the white water of Qingshan, as if unable to bear to leave suddenly. And this is the symbol of the author's mood at the moment.
This sentence can also be understood as a wanderer's nostalgia for the past, a desire to do something, and a complicated state of mind. The image of being left behind can be understood as affection for old friends and blessing for friends. I wish my friends a bright future and everything goes well, which echoes the sentence "Like a loose aquatic plant for hundreds of miles".
The end of the sentence is more affectionate. "We waved goodbye and my horse kept neighing." A thousand miles to send you, not never say goodbye. "Waving" refers to the act of parting. The author's inner feelings are not straightforward, only the touching scene of "and my horse screams". The author and his friends waved goodbye at once and greeted each other frequently. Two horses seem to know their master's mood and are unwilling to leave their companions. When they left, they couldn't help whistling, as if they had infinite affection. At the end of the couplet, A?vagho?a's voice is used as a parting voice, which sets off parting. Li Bai used classical poetry and the word "half" to bring forth the new and set off romantic friendship, which was a wonderful handwriting.
This farewell poem is novel and unconventional. In the poem, the green hills, flowing water, red sun and white clouds set each other off in interest and are brightly colored. Class A?vagho?a rings, and the image is fresh and lively, forming a vivid picture. The beauty of nature and the beauty of humanity are intertwined, vividly written, and there is infinite warm affection in the picture, which is touching.
3. Appreciation of farewell poems
Send Shen Zifu to Jiangdong
Wang Wei
The ferries of the Willow River are scattered, and the boatman shakes his oars and sails in.
Only lovesickness is like spring scenery, and Jiangnan Jiangbei will send you home.
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Wang Wei's farewell works are long in rhyme, swaying in wind and profound in meaning. Full of encouragement, a Syrian ideal and ambition. The opening of the poem goes directly to the topic and describes the farewell scene. The ferry is a place to see off passengers, and the willow is a ready-made scene at the ferry, but the scene contains deep feelings: "willow" is homophonic with "staying", and the Tang people have the custom of breaking the willow to see them off, indicating that they are reluctant to leave and hope that those who travel far will stay. But after all, parting is inevitable, and at this time, my friend's boat has set sail. Writing willows here not only describes the ready-made scenery, but also sets off the farewell atmosphere. There are few travelers, and the sadness of this situation reflects the unwillingness to say goodbye to friends. The first sentence pointed out the place of farewell. The second sentence awakens the meaning of "returning to Jiangdong". The ferry, which was very lively just now, suddenly became deserted. Only the author himself stood there, watching his friends fade away. In his mind, he may be reliving the scene of saying goodbye to his friends just now, or he may be recalling the dribs and drabs of his previous contacts with friends. But all this can only be recalled. Before my eyes, I saw my friend's boat drifting down the river, farther and farther away from myself.
In Li Bai's poem "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran on the Way to Yangzhou", there are also cases of watching friends leave by boat: "The lonely sail is far away from the sky, but the Yangtze River flows in the sky." Li Bai stood on the high Yellow Crane Tower, overlooking the lonely boat, and wrote down his vision. Wang Wei captured the details of the boatman's paddle and wrote a close-up Similarly, write off, Li Bai's chic, Wang Wei's exquisite can be seen.
As the boat drifted away, the figure of friends became more and more blurred. Friends leave by boat. After a while, they will disappear from the author's sight. And this farewell, I don't know when I will meet again. Thinking of this, the author is inevitably a little disappointed. At this point, the author is reluctant to go, looking at the north and south banks of the Yangtze River. Spring is all over the world, the spring is rippling, the powder is green and the grass is long. The author feels the infinite attachment and parting in his heart, just like the boundless spring scenery in front of him. The author suddenly had a whim: let the lovesickness in my heart run to you from Jiangnan Jiangbei like this ubiquitous spring, and follow you home? "Only lovesickness is like spring scenery, and the south and the north will send you home" is a very beautiful imagination with incomparable deep feelings. The author seems to be saying to his friends: you are walking on the river, and the spring scenery in the north and south of the river surrounds you; My care and friendship, like this spring, surround you all the time and accompany you all the way. Spring is full of Jiangnan and Jiangbei, and love is also full of Jiangnan and Jiangbei. You don't have to write about the sadness and pain of parting, because parting has occupied the whole article. Even more coincidentally, the natural scenery and deep feelings set each other off in an interesting and intriguing way. It is very natural to compare the spring scenery in nature with the feelings in the soul, that is, the scenery contains feelings, and the feelings are in harmony with the scenery. Here, I use difficult scenery to express my intangible feelings, and of course, my kung fu has deepened. Writing parting feelings is sad without hurting, full of images and bright colors, which are the characteristics of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
This poem describes a general parting. Like many other poems, scenery is used to create a certain atmosphere first. The sadness of the visible situation of "few travelers" contrasts with the reluctance of friends. At the end of this poem, there are two sentences: "I only miss you like spring scenery, and I will send you home in the north and south" and Niu Xiji's poem "Stop Life": "I remember my blue silk clothes and pity the grass everywhere." These two sentences have the same effect; Compared with Wang Wei's poem "Just miss you like spring scenery, send you home in the north and south", it has the same technique and similar ideas, and also has touching artistic charm, but its feelings are unrestrained and low, its style is muddy and graceful, and each has its own attitude. The sentence "Only lovesickness is like spring, and the south and the north will send you home" is a whim of the author. It compares spring scenery to the friendship of friends in the heart, and the scene is wonderful and natural. Originally full of sadness, the parting was written by the author, but he felt that the image was full and the color was bright, and its moving artistic charm was undeniable.
4. Appreciation of farewell poems
Nanpubie
Bai Juyi
In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak.
Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back.
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The first two sentences of the poem not only point out the place and time of parting, but also set off feelings with scenery and render a deep feeling of parting. "Nanpu" is synonymous with farewell, so it makes people sad to see "Nanpu". And the time to say goodbye happens to be in the autumn when the west wind blows. The autumn wind is bleak and the leaves are falling. This situation can not help but make people feel sad.
Here, the words "sad" and "curled up" are used vividly. The former describes inner desolation and sadness; The latter describes the bleak and bleak autumn scenery. It is precisely because of the "sadness" in my heart when I say goodbye that I feel that the autumn wind is "curled up" more and more; The "wind" of crying further highlights the "sadness" feeling that makes people feel deeply grieved, and the two set each other off. Moreover, the tones of "sadness" and "curl" are very low. Once they overlap, they are particularly thrilling to read and in tune with people's hearts.
The last two sentences are even more affectionate and tearful. A thousand miles to send you, not never say goodbye. Finally, breaking up is the climax of farewell. After breaking up, although I left the boat, I turned around frequently and silently "watched". "Look" is a very common action, but here and now, this silent "look" reveals thousands of sadness and feelings that are difficult to express in words. It is really "more silent than vocal". From this word "look", the reader seems to see a wandering figure, a sad face and tears flashing between eyelashes. Every "look" away from people will naturally make people "heartbroken" and feel bitter. The author uses two "ones" to express the parting and sincere friendship between the two sides. Finally, the author exhorts people to leave with peace of mind and not to look back. This sentence seems dull at first glance, chewed carefully, but meaningful. The author doesn't really want to leave people, so leave quickly. He just wants to control the feelings that both sides can't control, and his inner sadness is probably hard to see.
This farewell poem, as light as water, slowly shed a farewell feeling. The author carefully depicts the most expressive details in the farewell process, and the description seems to be "in everyone's heart", such as the farewell eyes and the kind and sad words, which most people have experienced personally, thus touching the readers' heartstrings and producing a strong * * * sound, giving people a deep impression.
5. Appreciation of farewell poems
Du Shaofu was appointed as Shuchuan.
Bo Wang
Across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, across a river. We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions.
After all, the world is just a small place. Why are you wandering at the fork in the road, son?
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This poem is a famous farewell poem, which is poetic to comfort you not to be sad when you leave. The first sentence is in strict opposition, and the third and fourth sentences are in the same strain, with scattered tones, turning reality into emptiness and ups and downs in literary context. "However, China holds our friendship, and heaven is still our neighbor." Its towering peaks highly summarize the scene of "profound friendship, mountains and rivers are irresistible", which is well known throughout the ages. At the end of the couplet, the theme of "sending" is pointed out.
The whole poem is full of ups and downs, pulsating flow and broad-minded artistic conception. It washed away the sadness in ancient farewell poems, and it is a unique stone tablet with bright and clear tone and high freshness.
This poem washes away the bitterness and lingering state in previous farewell poems, and embodies lofty taste and broad-minded mind. "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven will still be our neighbor." Two words have become an immortal sentence to express the deep friendship between friends far away from Qian Shan.
"separated by the wall of three qins and the fog of five rivers". Que is the watchtower in front of the palace. "City Que" refers to Chang 'an, the imperial capital of the Tang Dynasty. "Sanqin" refers to the Guanzhong area near Chang 'an. At the end of Qin dynasty, Xiang Yu once divided this area into three kingdoms, so later people called it Sanqin. "Assist" and "assist" can be understood as escort here. "Auxiliary Sanqin" means "Auxiliary Sanqin". The vast wilderness in Guanzhong is guarding Chang 'an, which means the place of farewell. "Through the mist that unites five rivers". "Wujin" refers to the five crossings of Minjiang River from guanxian to Qianwei. Looking from a distance, I saw the wind, dust and smoke in Sichuan are endless. This sentence is about where Du Shaofu is going. Because my friend is going to Sichuan from Chang 'an, these two places are naturally related to the author's feelings. The poem did not say goodbye at the beginning, but only described the situation and style of these two places. Looking up at thousands of miles, I feel infinitely reluctant, and the feeling of farewell is comfortable. The author is in Chang 'an, even the land of Sanqin is hard to see at a glance. As for Wujin, thousands of miles away, you can't see it at all. Poetry is often beyond the vision of ordinary people. Looking at the world with imaginary eyes, you can take a few seats in Wanshan and see Wanchun in an instant. "How does the water of the Yellow River move to the sky and enter the ocean, and it will never return?" Looking at the East China Sea from Heyuan. "Qu Tang Xia Kou Qujiang Tou, Wan Lifeng smoke meets Su Qiu", you can see Chang 'an from the Three Gorges. Using this technique, this poem has opened up a magnificent realm from the beginning, which is different from ordinary farewell poems that only pay attention to Yan Yu, Yang Zhi, tears and wine lamps.
We said goodbye to each other sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. What does it mean to leave each other? People who are wandering abroad for the same official reasons have left their hometown and have already had a heavy parting. When they said goodbye to each other in the guest house, it was another heavy parting: there was infinite sadness in it. The first two sentences are high-profile, precise and strict. These two sentences have a long lasting appeal, and the antithesis is not neat, so they are more evacuated. Of course, this is because there was no set of strict rules for orthodox poetry at that time, but it also had its unique beauty. At first, it was like a waterfall hanging over thousands of feet, which tumbled down from the clouds, then fell into a deep pool, gurgled down, and flew in Qingyuan, resulting in ups and downs and strong ups and downs, which made people feel that they were changing.
Then the fifth and sixth sentences, the realm from narrow to grand, the mood from sad to heroic. However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven will remain our neighbor. It is inseparable to stay away from a true confidant. As long as you are in the four seas, even at the ends of the earth, you are close neighbors. What are A Qin and Shu? Broad-minded, ambitious, showing true friendship is not limited by time and space, both eternal and ubiquitous, and expressing optimistic and open-minded emotions.
At the end of the two sentences, "Why linger at the fork in the road, children * * * touch towels!" These two lines run through one sentence, meaning: don't cry goodbye to that child at this fork in the road where we are about to break up! It is a reminder to friends and a confession to your feelings. Immediately after the first two sentences, it suddenly fell into relief at a very high and steep place, and then ended. Take music for example: at the end of the music, some come to an abrupt end in the most wonderful place, and some drag on. This poem ends in the second way. To appreciate ancient poems, especially those neat and short, such as the Five Laws, we should not only appreciate some of its wonderful sentences, but also understand its composition, its ups and downs, its ideological changes and development. Words seem to look at mountains and dislike peace, and so do poems.
Appreciating this poem from the perspective of literary history, it is not difficult to feel that it has a fresh breath. The early Tang Dynasty was the beginning of a powerful dynasty in ancient China. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty reached the pinnacle of China literature. The great innovation and development of poetry, which lasted about 200 years, began in the early Tang Dynasty. Wang, Yang, Lu, Luo and other great poets at that time were pioneers who appeared earlier. First of all, they opposed the gaudy poetic style inherited from the early Tang and Six Dynasties. Yang Jiong said that Wang Bo "tasted the early years of Longshuo, and the literary field was a variant: fighting for slim structure and carving; Golden jade, dragon and phoenix, chaotic purple and yellow; The video is called Eccentricity and False Beauty. I am exhausted, I am strong and ignorant, I think of its disadvantages, and I want to use my career. " It can be seen that he consciously reformed the disadvantages of poetry and advocated a vigorous and upward poetic style. Take this poem by Wang Bo as an example. It was simple, vigorous and unrestrained, which once made readers feel refreshed at that time. Since then, this poetic style has been greatly developed and has become the dominant style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Secondly, they made their own contribution to the formation of the new poetic style. Taking five-character poems as an example, this new poetic style, which gradually matured and prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, was tried and formed in the works of Wang Bo and others. This poem by Wang Bo is two mature five-character poems. Read the five laws of Wang and Meng again, and then read the five laws of Li and Du, and you will find that the development of this new poetic style in the Tang Dynasty is like a big river, which comes down in one continuous line and grows more magnificent as it moves forward.