The researchers determined the date of volcanic eruption, found Iceland's most famous medieval poems, described the end of pagan gods and the arrival of a new strange god, described the volcanic eruption, and used its memory to * * * Christianize Iceland.
This result was published in the journal Climate Change. The eruption of Eldega volcano in the 10 century is called lava flood: a rare long-term volcanic eruption, in which a huge lava flow engulfs the landscape, accompanied by sulfur gas smoke.
Iceland specializes in this type of volcanic eruption-the last eruption occurred in 20 15, which affected the air quality in Ireland, which is a part of the Eldega Rift Valley in southern Iceland, 1400 km away.
Acknowledgement: The lava floods of Clive Oppenheimer and Eldega affected southern Iceland for about 874 years in a century, but so far, the date of volcanic eruption is still uncertain, which hinders the investigation of its possible impact.
This is a huge event, with about 20 cubic kilometers of lava erupting, enough to cover England's ankles.
The Cambridge-led research team used Greenland's ice core records to determine the date of volcanic eruption, which preserved the sediments of Mount Eldega.
Using the clues in the ice core, the researchers found that the volcanic eruption began in the spring of 939 and lasted at least until the autumn of 940, when lava was ejected from Crafra, Iceland.
Once they set a date for the eruption of Mount Eldega, the research team began to investigate its consequences.
First, sulfite dust and fog spread all over Europe, which was recorded as an abnormal blood-red and weak sun in the chronicles of Ireland, Germany and Italy at the same time. Then, because the dust layer reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the surface, the climate becomes cold, which can be clearly seen from the tree rings in the northern hemisphere.
Evidence from tree rings shows that volcanic eruption triggered one of the coldest summers in the past 1500 years.
"In 1940, Central Europe, Scandinavia, Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alaska and Central Asia experienced the most obvious cooling in summer, and the average temperature in summer was 2 degrees Celsius lower," said Professor Marcus Stoffel, co-author of Khehlka volcano eruption in the Department of Earth Sciences of Geneva University, and introduced in detail the map of Iceland drawn by cartographer Abraham Orterius in16th century.
In the public domain, the research team then looked at the medieval chronicles to understand how climate cooling affected society.
"This is a large-scale outbreak, but we are still surprised by the richness of historical evidence about the consequences of the outbreak," said Dr. Tim nuefeld, co-author of the Department of History and Biology at Georgetown University. "The human suffering after the Eldega incident is universal.
From northern Europe to northern China, people have experienced a long and difficult winter and severe drought in spring and summer.
Locust plague and livestock death.
Famine is not everywhere, but in the early 1940s, we read about famines and huge deaths in parts of German, Iraqi and China.
But the Prophet, Iceland's most famous medieval poem, seems to have left the impression of volcanic eruption.
This poem can be traced back to 96 1, which indicates the end of pagan gods in Iceland and the arrival of a new and unique god. In other words, Iceland's transition to Christianity was formally formed at the beginning of 1 1 century.
Part of this poem describes a terrible volcanic eruption. The blazing explosion lit up the sky, and the sun was covered with thick volcanic ash and steam clouds: Vesuvius is erupting, and there is a Vi on the island of Naples Bay, joseph white in Derby, 1776.
(Public domain), this poem also describes the expected cold summer after a large-scale eruption. The researchers associate these descriptions with the scene and influence of the eruption of Eldega, which is the largest eruption in Iceland since its settlement.
The doomsday image in this poem marks the fiery end of the old gods world.
Researchers believe that these lines in this poem may be to reawaken people's painful memories of volcanic eruption and reflect the large-scale religious and cultural changes that took place in Iceland in the last decades of the 20th century.
1820 Mount Vesuvius erupted in February.
(Public domain) The original title of this article is "Volcanic eruption affects Iceland's conversion to Christianity", which was originally published in Science Daily.
Source: Cambridge University.
The volcanic eruption affected Iceland's conversion to Christianity.
Science daily.
Science Daily, March 18, 20 19.
Science Daily/Release/2018/03/180319090740.
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