Second, to learn classical Chinese, we must master a certain number of classical Chinese vocabulary. Classical Chinese words in ancient Chinese can be divided into two categories: classical Chinese content words and classical Chinese function words. Learning classical Chinese and mastering a certain number of real words and function words in classical Chinese are very helpful to learn classical Chinese well.
First of all, talk about the learning and mastery of the content words in classical Chinese. The so-called notional words in classical Chinese traditionally refer to nouns, verbs and adjectives. For the convenience of learning, nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and pronouns are usually regarded as content words. Master the following knowledge.
(A) learn to master the flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Flexible use of parts of speech is to temporarily change the original parts of speech and grammatical functions of one kind of words according to language habits in a certain language environment, and has the parts of speech and grammatical functions of another kind of words. There are many flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese, such as nouns as verbs, adjectives as verbs and numerals as verbs; Verbs are nouns and adjectives are nouns; The flexible use of nouns as adverbials is a common phenomenon in the study of classical Chinese. In addition, notional words have special flexible usages, such as causative usages of nouns, verbs and adjectives, and intentional usages of nouns and adjectives.
(2) Learning and mastering interchangeable words. Homonyms are homonyms rather than words, that is, using one homonym to express the meaning of another homonym. Mastering the study of interchangeable words is very helpful for students to learn classical Chinese well.
(3) The word learning and mastering is ambiguous. Polysemy means that a word has several meanings. Polysemy is a common phenomenon in ancient Chinese. The meaning of the same word is closely related; There are also those who are not close; There are even distant ones. Therefore, the meaning of a word can only be determined in a specific language environment.
(4) Learn and master the different meanings of ancient and modern times. That is, words with different meanings in ancient and modern times.
Secondly, we should learn and master the function words in classical Chinese. People often say: "Wisdom, Hu, Ye, Zhe, Yi, Yan and Zai, if used well, are scholars". The specific methods to master are: (1) Learning from sentences in combination with context. Learning function words in classical Chinese should follow the principle that words are inseparable from sentences, just like learning content words. Without content words, the meaning cannot be understood. (2) analysis and induction, focusing on accumulation. (3) Memorize disyllabic function words and master the fixed format.
Third, we should learn and master the commonly used classical Chinese sentence patterns. Judgment; Second, passive sentence patterns; The position of sentence components. Such common sentences include subject-predicate inversion, prepositional object sentence, attributive postposition sentence and so on. Omission of sentence elements. The so-called ellipsis sentence; Five fixed sentence patterns.
Fourth, master the general translation methods of classical Chinese. The translation of classical Chinese is to translate classical Chinese with standardized modern Mandarin, and truly achieve "faithfulness and elegance". Besides literal translation and free translation, there are six specific translation methods: translation, addition, substitution, reservation, deletion and order adjustment.
2. How to read the multi-summary answering mode in Modern Literature II of Shanghai Chinese College Entrance Examination, such as rhetorical effect, what method is the answering mode, what role it plays, what it represents and highlights; For example, many subjective questions can follow the answering mode of "comment analysis". Comments give your opinions and attitudes. Narration refers to extracting or citing examples from the original text, "analysis" refers to analyzing the original text and examples you extracted to support your point of view, and "comment" refers to reaffirming your point of view again, which is equivalent to completing the total score of a paragraph. If you want to score, you can do stereotyped writing like this.
Many questions can earn points by summarizing a set of answering modes. You should learn to summarize similar questions by analogy, such as adding words to the sentences to explain them. Comparing several questions with the answers given will definitely find some rules (for example, don't forget to add the subject).
Sorry, I wrote a bunch of skills and found it a bit irrelevant. The second is comparative literature and art. It is not easy to understand these articles, which involves speed reading ability, reading comprehension ability, one's own life experience and so on. But even if the review time is tight, it can be improved through special training. There are many reference books on special training in the market, and there may be such classifications in the books, such as thoughts and feelings, themes, structures, materials selection, and expression techniques. , just to name a few. )
First of all, we must have an overall grasp, and time is tight. We must have a general understanding of the content and theme of the article after fast reading. Then many problems can be completed according to the prepared procedures mentioned in the previous paragraph. After completing these questions, you should have more confidence in understanding the overall content of some paragraphs and articles, and then put yourself in the author's position, intention and other factors, carefully scrutinize the context, and try to give answers to difficult questions.
3. Is it difficult to score 8 points in the second chapter of Shanghai Classical Chinese? Teacher Zhou of Shanghai Elite Xinzhuang Center reminded: The average score of the second article of classical Chinese is not high over the years because of the difficulty of the topic itself. Another reason is that students are always influenced by teachers or classmates who say this part is difficult, but in fact, there are still some simple questions in this part, and some even make sub-questions, so you can sit down and look at the questions. 4 or 5 points is not difficult to get. If you want to get 8 points, you need to know more about the style of the second test of classical Chinese, such as travel notes. From 2006 to 14, you took the exam for five years, with a high rate. You need to be familiar with the characteristics of travel notes and their basic answering ideas and skills. It's really not difficult to get an 8.
In short, fearless, careful examination of questions, solid accumulation, according to the stylistic characteristics of the investigation to answer is possible.
4. What are the articles and paragraphs (1) required to be recited in the new textbook and the H and S editions? * *:1,Wu Jun's Book with Zhu (lesson 41 in the first semester of the new textbook) 2, Han Yu's Teacher's Words (lesson 30 in the first semester of the new textbook) 3. Tao Yuanming's Drinking (Lesson 41 in the next semester of Senior Two) 5. Su Xun's "Six Kingdoms" (Lesson 32 last semester of Senior One) 6. The last paragraph of Mutu's "Epang Palace Fu" (Lesson 39 last semester of Senior One) 7. Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel (Lesson 26 in the next semester of Senior Two) (2) Lu You's Confessions (Lesson 34 in the first semester of Senior One) 2. Xin Qiji's Meet Music Forever, Jingkou and Nostalgia of Gubeiting 3. Qiu Jin's Partridge Sky (Lesson 34, the first semester of Senior One) 4. Meng Haoran's Message from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang (Lesson 42, the first semester of Senior One) 5. Wang Wei's A Night in a Foreign Country on the Spring River Du Fu (No.42 in the first semester of Senior One) 8. Wang Anshi's On the River (Question 42 in the last semester of Senior One) 9. Boating Zhu (No.42 last semester of Senior One) 10, Long Song Line (Han Yuefu) (No.26 last semester of Senior One) 10. Zu Yong's Wang Jimen (lesson 30 in the first semester of senior one) 13, "Send Deputy Li to the West" (lesson 30 in the first semester of senior one) 14, Li He's "Zhi Jiu" (lesson 30 in the first semester of senior one) 15, and Wang Ling's. Zhang Xuruo's Moonlit Night on the Spring River (lesson 34 in the first semester of senior one) 17, Zhang Jiuling's "Looking at the Moon and Thinking about a Far Away" (lesson 34 in the first semester of senior one) 18, Li Bai's "Drinking for the Moon" (lesson 34 in the first semester of senior one) 19, and Huang Tingjian's ". Kloc-0/, Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon (lesson 36 in the first semester of senior one) 22, Zhang Xiaoxiang's Nian Nujiao Dongting Grass (lesson 36 in the first semester of senior one) 23, Xin Qiji's Magnolia is slow, poor today's month (. Lu You's Autumn Night Reading with Two Drums as the Festival (Lesson 35, First Term, Grade Two) 25. Lu You's Reading on a Winter Night (Lesson 35, the first semester of Senior Two) 26. Zhu's "Goose Lake Temple" and Lu Zishou (Class 35 last semester in Grade Two) 27. Zhu Outi (Lesson 35, First Term, Senior Two) 27. Zhong Nanshan by Wang Wei (No.36 in the first semester of Senior Two) 30, Sitting alone on Jingting Mountain by Li Bai (No.36 in the first semester of Senior Two) 3 1, Climbing Mountain in Nine Days by Du Mu (No.36 in the first semester of Senior Two) 32, Poems on History by Zuo Si (No.41 in the second semester of Senior Two) 33. Lin Bu's Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden (Lesson 41 in the second semester of Senior Two) 35, Li Bai's On Climbing Nanjing to the Phoenix Terrace (Lesson 38 in the first semester of Senior Three) 36, Du Fu's Climbing the Building (Lesson 38 in the first semester of Senior Three) 37, Li Shangyin's The Tower of Stability (Lesson 38 in the first semester of Senior Three) 38, and Seven Analects of Confucius (The Analects of Confucius) The first and second paragraphs of Xue (lesson 32 in the first semester of senior two) 42, Qu Yuan's Mourning the Country (lesson 29 in the first semester of senior three) 43, and the key sentences in the last three paragraphs of Jia Yi's On Qin (senior three) Wei Zhi's Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong (lesson 31 in the second semester of senior two) 46, and Han Yu's Preface to Sending Dong Shaonan to visit Hebei. Su Shi's Qianchibi Fu (lesson 39 of the first semester of senior high school) 5 1, Su Shi's Qianchibi Fu (lesson 39 of the first semester of senior high school) 52, Su Zhe's Shangshu Mihan Taiwei Shu (lesson 28 of the second semester of senior high school) 53, and Xia Wanchun's Mu Shang Shu in prison (the last two paragraphs) Liang Qichao's Unfulfilled ambition (Lesson 29 in the next semester of senior high school) 58. A song [official] and [upright] bid farewell to the pavilion. Cao Cao's Watching the Sea 2, Tao Yuanming's Drinking 3, Li Bai's Walking in the Dream on Tianmu Mountain 4, Bai Juyi's Walking on the Pipa 5, Tao Yuanming's Returning to the Garden, Tao Yuanming's Reading 7, Wu Junshu and Zhu 8, Han Yu's Talking about Teachers 9, and Wen Tianxiang's Preface to the South.
5. What classical Chinese are there in Shanghai Senior Two? The first semester: A hundred schools of thought contend on the autumn waters of mountains and rivers Zhuangzi (excerpt) Autumn waters Don't you think you are more water than water? ) Former Chibi Fu Su Shi's Travel to the Mountain, Wang Anshi's Yulin Order, Liu Yong (Recitation), Tafloxacin's Chenzhou Hotel, Qin Guan (Recitation), Su Muzhe, Zhou Bangyan (Recitation), Slow Whispering, Li Qingzhao (Recitation), Yuan (Excerpt), Guan Hanqing (Excerpt from the third compromise,
6. What classical Chinese are there in Shanghai Senior Two? The first semester: A hundred schools of thought contend over mountains and rivers, autumn water, Zhuangzi (excerpt), autumn water, isn't it water? ) Former Chibi Fu Su Shi's Travel to the Mountain, Wang Anshi's Yulin Order, Liu Yong (Recitation), Tafloxacin's Chenzhou Hotel, Qin Guan (Recitation), Su Muzhe, Zhou Bangyan (Recitation), Slow Whispering, Li Qingzhao (Recitation), Yuan (Excerpt), Guan Hanqing (Excerpt from the third compromise,
7. The specific topics of Chinese recitation in Shanghai college entrance examination are as follows: Qinyuanchun-Changsha (* * *) is independent in cold and autumn, Xiangjiang River is north, and Orange Island.
You see the mountains and plains, and the layers of forests are all dyed; The river is full of water, and hundreds of people compete for the flow. The eagle strikes the sky, the fish is shallow, and all kinds of frost fight for freedom.
Lonely, ask the boundless earth, who is in charge of ups and downs? Took a hundred couples on a trip. Recalling the past, the years are thick.
Just a classmate and teenager, in full bloom; Scholar spirit, Fang Qiu. Pointing out the maze, inspiring words, the dirt in Wan Huhou that year.
Remember hitting the water in the middle stream and the waves stopped the speedboat? The book of songs-white dew is frost. The so-called Iraqis are on the water side.
Tracing back and forth, the road is blocked and long. Swim back from it, in the middle of the water
It's been a long time, and it hasn't changed for thousands of years. The so-called Iraqis are in the water.
Tracing back and forth from it, the road is blocked and broken. Swim back from the inside and swim in the water.
Jia Cai, peace and prosperity have not passed. The so-called Iraqis are in the water.
Go back and follow, the road is blocked and turn right. Swim back from the inside and swim in the water.
"Ode to History" (Zuo Si) is gloomy, loose at the bottom, and leaves seedlings on the mountain. With an inch in diameter and a rhizome, you can cover the hundred feet.
The world is tall and handsome. Because of the terrain, the origin is not once.
Borrowed his old job and that seven-leaf Korean mink. Feng Gong is not Wei, and Bai Shou does not move.
Drinking (Tao Yuanming) Building a house is in a humanistic environment, with no chariots and horses. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say. In Nanjing, I climbed the Phoenix Terrace (Li Bai) where I used to play, so that this place was named after them, but now I have abandoned it to this desolate river.
Martial arts flowers were laid on deserted paths, and the number of relatives and friends in the Jin Dynasty has become a famine. Three mountains and a half fall outside the blue sky, and Egret Island is wet.
There is always a traitor in power, like covering the sky, and Chang' an is depressed when he can't see it. Klang Ganzhou (Liu Yong) sprinkled rainy dusk on the river and washed it in clear autumn.
The bleak frost wind is tight, the river surface of the mountains and rivers is deserted, and the setting sun shines on the tall buildings. Red flowers wither everywhere, and all the beautiful scenery gradually disappears.
Only the surging Yangtze River flows eastward silently. Without the heart to climb the distance and overlook the distant home, it is difficult to gather the desire to go home.
Sighing where these years have gone, why do you have to stay in a strange land for a long time? How many times have you missed beauty makeup, and God knows when you come home? Fighting for me, leaning against the railing, I'm worried. Shui Long Yin-Deng Jiankang Yangxin Pavilion (Xin Qiji) In Chutianqing swing, autumn water follows the sky.
Seeing the mountains in the distance will only cause me sadness and resentment at the end of the country. These mountains are like a hairpin and a spiral coil on a woman's head. The sun in the west leans against this floor, and geese are barking in the distant sky. I am wandering in the south of the Yangtze River, homesick for a wanderer.
I saw Wu Gou and patted the railing. No one would come to the board meeting. Don't say chop up the perch to cook delicious food. When the west wind blows it, I wonder if that one has come back? People like Xu Si who only buy land for themselves should be ashamed to see Liu Bei who is brilliant and complete in these two aspects.
Unfortunately, the years are fleeting, and the tree is so sad and stormy. Who are you, calling for the red scarf and green sleeves, and shouting for the hero! Go to the Express Pavilion (decorated by Huang Tingjian) to do crazy things, and the Express Pavilion leans on yat sen villa.
Qian Shan has a vast sky, and Chengjiang has a bright moon. Zhu Xian is already a beauty, and her young eyes are chatting with wine.
Wan Li returned to the ship to play the flute, which is why we made an alliance with Bai Ou. Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream (Excerpt) (Li Bai) My heart dreams of crossing Jinghu Lake in Wu and Yue.
The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves.
I wore Xie's earliest spiked shoes and climbed the Qingyun ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space.
Thousands of turns, flowers lure me, stones slow me down. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains.
Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. God of thunder and lightning, the mountains are crumbling.
Cave stone gate, drain in tiankeng. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon light up the gold and silver terrace.
Wearing rainbow clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came and came down one by one. With the tiger as the harp and the phoenix as the dancer, the images of fairies are arranged in rows.
I moved, my soul flew and suddenly began to grow. My pillow and mat are the lost clouds in which I once lived.
Zhong Nanshan (Wang Wei) has a huge height close to the city of heaven, connecting Qian Shan to the corner of the sea. The white clouds merged behind, and the blue mist melted into the mountains and disappeared.
The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are different. Want to find a house to live in the mountains, is it convenient for the water guide to ask the woodcutter?
The flowers on the stairs (Du Fu) are as high as my window, which hurts the wanderer's heart, because I look from this height and feel sad everywhere. The spring scenery of Jinjiang flooded in, and the clouds on the mountain, ancient, varied and changeable.
The imperial court, like the North Star, will not change in the end, and the Western Hills of Kohl will not invade Tibet. Alas, the ruler and emperor of Shu are still enjoying sacrifices in the temple, and I will recite Liang Yinfu in the evening.
Xia Sai Qu (Lu Lun) has an eagle's head with a golden arrow, embroidered with a swallowtail. A man stood up and gave a new order. A thousand battalions were shouting.
Joining the army (Wang Changling), Qinghai Changyun dark snow mountain, overlooking Yumenguan in the lonely city. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned.
After Huaqing Palace (Du Mu), Chang 'an looked back, piled embroidery, and the top of the mountain opened a thousand times. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
Yu Linling (Liu Yong) was heartbroken, Changting was late, and the shower began to rest. Farewell outside Kyoto, but not in the mood to drink, reluctant to leave, the people on board have been urging to start.
Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it. Thinking about thinking, thousands of miles of smoke, dusk, chutiankuo.
Since ancient times, feelings of sadness and parting are even more worthy of being left out in the cold. Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng and the waning moon.
This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. There are many kinds of customs, who are you talking to? Tanfloxacin-Chenzhou Hotel (Qin Guan) lost its tower in the fog and lost its moon, and Taoyuan was nowhere to be found.
The lonely pavilion closes the moon in Joan Hinton, and the cuckoo sounds in the setting sun. Plum blossoms are sent by mail, and fish live long. This hatred has no weight.
Fortunately, Chen Qiang bypassed Chen Shan. Who did he go to Xiaoxiang for? Su Mu Gai (Zhou Bangyan) burned agarwood to cool off the heat. Birds call clear, intrude into the eaves.
The leaves of Chuyang withered all night, the water was clear and round, and the wind and lotus rose one by one. My hometown is far away. When will I go? I live in Wumen and have been traveling in Chang 'an for a long time.
Do the fishermen in May remember each other? Boat, dream into furongpu. The voice is slow (Li Qingzhao), looking for it, lonely and sad.
It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. Three glasses of light wine, how can you beat him? If you come late, you will be anxious! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.
Yellow flowers are all over the ground, withered and damaged. Who can pick them now? Looking out the window, how can a person be dark? Indus is raining in Mao Mao, dripping at dusk. This time, what a sad sentence! [Double Tone] Shouyang Qu Yuan Pu Fangui (Ma Zhiyuan) In the sunset, he was idle and couldn't fly for two or three days.
It's getting late in the cottage, and the fish seller at the end of the broken bridge is scattered. [Lv Zhong] Goat Tongguan nostalgia (Zhang) The peaks are like gathering, and the waves are like anger.
Tongguan road, mountains and rivers inside and outside. Looking at Xijing from afar, hesitating, looking at Qin and Han dynasties sadly.
Ten thousand rooms in Quegong have been buried. Xing, the people suffer.
Death makes people suffer. Teacher said (Han Yu) ancient scholars must have teachers.
Teachers, so preach, teach, and solve doubts. People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will be confused and you will never understand.
Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. After I was born, I studied Taoism first, so I studied Taoism. I am a teacher, and I don't know that years were born in me. Therefore, there is no nobility, no inferiority, no length, no shortage, and the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers.
Ha ha! It's been a long time since the teacher passed on the Tao! Want others not to be confused.