1. Establishment of major dynasties
The founder of the dynasty was named the capital.
Sui Wendi Sui Wendi Chang 'an
Tang Liyuan Tang Gaozu Chang 'an (now Xi 'an)
Kublai Khan's Yuan Shizu Metropolis in Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing)
Zhu Mingyuan Zhang, Ming Taizu Yingtian, and Beijing.
Huang taiji of Qing dynasty in Beijing
2. Main political system
Three provinces and six departments: established in Sui and Tang Dynasties, including Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, among which Shangshu Province has six departments.
Examination system: a system of selecting officials through examinations founded by the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the main objects of imperial examinations were Ming Jing and Jinshi.
Provincial system: established in the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up provincial libraries and local governments set up provincial libraries.
Factory Health Service: Established in Ming Dynasty, it mainly includes "Wei Jinyi" established by Ming Taizu and "East Factory" established by Ming Chengzu.
Eight-part essay selection: the imperial examination system in Ming dynasty, the examination scope is "four books and five classics", and the article is called "eight-part essay", which is very harmful to scholars.
Military Aircraft Division: The establishment of Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty was mainly to strengthen imperial power.
3. Famous prosperous times and emperors
The Rule of Zhenguan: The Legacy of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong: Wu Zetian Kaiyuan Shi Sheng: The Decline and Glory of Emperor Xuanzong in the Early Years of Tang Dynasty: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong.
4. Three poets in Song Dynasty and their representative works
Su Shi: Nian Nujiao. Red Cliff Nostalgia, Mink Head. When did the moon begin to appear?
Li Qingzhao: Like a dream. Last night, the rain suddenly dispersed and the sound slowed down. Looking for it.
Xin Qiji: Bodhisattva Xia. Write a wall in Jiangxi province; Break the front line. Look at the sword with a lamp drunk.
5. Four great inventions:
Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass
6. Four classic novels and authors
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Luo Guanzhong), Water Margin (Shi Naian), The Journey to the West (Wu Cheng'en) and Dream of Red Mansions (Cao Xueqin).
7. People and achievements
Li Chun. Bi Sheng, Zhao Zhouqiao. Movable type printing Sun Simiao. Sima guang recorded the powder formula. Purple tongzhi sword hall Han Qing. Yuan.
Li Shizhen: Compendium of Materia Medica; Song Ying Xing: Tiangong Kaiwu; Zheng He: Seven voyages to the West.
8. Textbook problem solving
1) Why did the Sui Dynasty unify the north and the south? P 1
A:
2) The poet in the Tang Dynasty said, "The death of Tao Sui is a river, and it has traveled thousands of miles since then. If there is no dragon boat in the water temple, Yu * * * won't do much. "Do you agree with this statement? Please tell me your reasons. P3
Answer: ① I agree. The excavation of the Grand Canal has played a great role in economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South and consolidated national unity, and it is also beneficial today. ② No, after the Grand Canal was dug, the tyranny embodied in Xiajiangdu led to the rapid demise of Sui. (Choose an answer from ① and ②)
3) Compare the Sui Dynasty with the Qin Dynasty to see what similarities they have. P4
A: ① ② All of them have formed far-reaching systems, such as the county system in the Qin Dynasty and the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty. (3) World-famous projects have been built, such as the Great Wall of Qin and the Grand Canal of Sui. (4) Everything perished because of tyranny.
4) The imperial examination system provides opportunities for ordinary intellectuals to be officials and participate in politics. Talk about your views on learning and being an official.
A: ① The positive side of the imperial examination system provided opportunities for scholars to become officials. But it is convenient for rulers to control intellectuals and make them slaves, which is not conducive to the development of the country, economy and science and technology.
5) Talk about your views on the change of Xuanwu people. P6
A: ① It is a struggle for power and interests within the royal family; (2) It embodies Li Shimin's extraordinary military and political talents, and shows that he is the leader of the people. (3) It prevented the division within the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty, and laid the foundation for stabilizing the political situation and unifying the whole country in the future.
6) think about it. What other stories do you know about Tang Taizong's appointment of capable ministers? What can we learn from it? P7
7) According to historical records, Emperor Taizong was overjoyed to see the new Jinshi filed out. "All the heroes in the world have fallen into my trap!" What fact do you think this sentence reflects? P8
A: The imperial examination system provides intellectuals with opportunities to participate in politics and serve as officials, but it represents the system of selecting officials of the landlord class and serves the rulers.
8) What is "the rule of Zhenguan"? How did the situation of "Zhenguan rule" emerge? P9
9) Discuss why there are wordless tablets in front of Wu Zetian's tomb. Tell me your theory. P 12
10) What are the characteristics of the early appointees of Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong? P 13
1 1) Do you think, why didn't Emperor Taizong kill Jie Li Khan, but gave him preferential treatment? P 17
12) In-laws are an important form of friendly exchanges between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Think about it, apart from Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng, which other Han princesses in history have married the leaders of frontier ethnic minorities? P 19
13) What contribution has Jian Zhen made to Sino-Japanese friendship? What do you feel most from his deeds? P23
14) Do you know the story of Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures? Please talk about the connection and difference between this story and historical facts. P24
15) Why was there an unprecedented situation in foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty? P25
16) What do loyalty and Xuanzang have in common? P25
Observe the Zhao Zhouqiao diagram and tell me what its characteristics are. P26
18) Printing was once known as the "mother of civilization" of mankind. Imagine if there were no printing, what difficulties would our study and cultural life have? P27
19) What are the noble medical ethics in Sun Simiao? What are his ideas about health preservation worth inheriting and carrying forward? P29
20) What were the leading scientific and technological achievements in the Sui and Tang Dynasties? P29
1300 years later, Zhao Zhouqiao still stands tall. Think about it, what is the value of its existence today? P30
22) What are the characteristics of Li Bai's and Du Fu's poems? What other poems have you read? P32
23) Considering the local natural and geographical conditions, what are the reasons why the murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are still well preserved after more than 1000 years? P33
24) List the major literary and artistic achievements in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. P35
25) What is the significance of unifying the Central Plains and the South in the Northern Song Dynasty? P42
26) think about it. What contribution did Liao and Xixia make to the development of China history? P44
27) What enlightenment did you get from the victory of the defending war in Tokyo to the occurrence of the "Jingkang Change"? P46
28) On the stone pillar in front of Yue Fei's tomb, there is a pair of couplets: "Good and evil are the same as ice and charcoal since ancient times. Now, let's evaluate their names." What does this mean? What does this mean? P48
29) Think about it, what are the world-leading achievements of handicraft industry in Song Dynasty? P5 1
30) When will the economic center of gravity move south? What is the reason for moving south? P54
3 1) The earliest paper money appeared in the Song Dynasty. What are the advantages of paper money compared with metal money? P54
32) Genghis Khan is known as "a generation of tianjiao". Do you think it's appropriate? Please explain the reason. P55
33) Discuss, what is the historical significance of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty? P58
34) Briefly describe the reasons and manifestations of great ethnic integration in Yuan Dynasty.
9. The best in China
★ The only female emperor in the history of China is Wu Zetian.
★ The best preserved and oldest single-hole stone bridge in the world is Zhao Zhouqiao.
★ The earliest block printing with exact date in the world is the Diamond Sutra in the Tang Dynasty.
★ The ancient imperial examination system and the system of three provinces and six departments in China began in the Sui Dynasty.
Gunpowder was first used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty.
★ The earliest existing complete code in our country is "On the Laws of the Tang Dynasty".
★ The person who recorded the gunpowder formula for the first time was Sun Simiao.
★ The compass was first used in navigation in the Song Dynasty.
★ The earliest paper money in the world is the Jiaozi of the Northern Song Dynasty.
★ The first chronicle general history in the history of China is The Lessons Learned from Mutual Learning compiled by Sima Guang.
★ The earliest guide instrument was Sina in the Warring States Period.
★ The earliest inventor of movable type printing is Bi Sheng.
★ The first unified feudal dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China was the Yuan Dynasty.
★ Hui ethnic minorities began to form in the Yuan Dynasty.
★ Provincial administrative divisions, the highest local administrative organization in China, began in the Yuan Dynasty.
★ The earliest ocean voyage in the world was Zheng He's voyage to the West.
★ China's earliest historical novel is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
★ The novel known as the pinnacle of China's classical novels is A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin.
★ The Great Wall whose building scale and quality have reached the highest level in history is the Ming Great Wall.
★ The largest and most complete existing ancient architectural complex in China is the Forbidden City.
★ The germination of China's modernization began at the end of Ming Dynasty.
Review materials of historical geography in the first semester.
● In 581year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty seized the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital.
● In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south.
Since 605, Emperor Yang Di has opened a Grand Canal that runs through the north and south.
● The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty is centered on Luoyang, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, from Zhuo Jun in the north to Yuhang in the south. This is the longest canal in the ancient world.
● The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Han River, Jiangnan River and five rivers, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
In 618, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
● In 618, Li Yuan set out to fight against Sui in Taiyuan and entered Chang 'an to establish the Tang Dynasty.
The only female emperor in the history of China was Wu Zetian, who proclaimed herself emperor in her later years and changed her title to Zhou.
● Emperor Taizong attached importance to developing production and reducing farmers' tax and labor; Pay attention to the role of talents and be open-minded to teach. He appointed Du Ruhui, who was resourceful and good at breaking great events, as Prime Minister and called him "Fang Mou Du Duan". Reuse outspoken Wei Zhi as a famous remonstrator.
● During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, and the national strength gradually increased. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".
● The world's first tea monograph "Tea Classic" appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and the author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations.
● Yao Chong was promoted by Wu Zetian and appointed as the prime minister by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
● The ceramic industry developed significantly in the Tang Dynasty, among which Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai were the most famous. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a treasure of world craft.
During the Tang Dynasty, China's metropolises were Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.
● Chang 'an City is divided into Fangcheng and residential areas, and the city is a bustling business district.
● Chang 'an was not only a national exchange center at that time, but also an international metropolis.
● The reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
● The selection of officials in the subject examination method began in the period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. When Yang Dishi was in Sui Dynasty, Jinshi was formally established, and talents were selected according to examination results.
● There were many permanent examination subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important.
● The figures who perfected the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty were Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian.
● The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in China feudal society, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.
● During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian, the government successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions to govern the western regions in Xinjiang today.
● At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tibetan Songzan Gambo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical.
● In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet.
● In the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".
● In the early and middle period of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty named Huihe as Huairen Khan, and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty named Mohe as the king of Bohai County. Xuanzong made Nanzhao king of Yunnan. Inferior/secondary
● During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was active in foreign exchanges and had contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.
In the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. He devoted himself to the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote "The Western Regions of Datang ● Xuanzong". At the invitation of Japanese monks, Jian Zhen traveled eastward to Japan, and it was not until the sixth time that he succeeded. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was considered as the largest city in the world.
Many Silla businessmen came to China to do business, and the Tang Dynasty imported Silla specialties for the first time.
Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman in Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.
● The Diamond Sutra, printed in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest existing block-printed product with exact date in the world.
Sun Simiao, an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, devoted his life to writing Qian Jin Fang, which was called "King of Medicine" by the later Buddha.
● Grottoes developed greatly during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the most famous of which is Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in western Gansu today.
●/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries of the Khitan, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital.
●165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, was called the Emperor of Daxia, with its capital in Xingqing and Xixia as its history.
Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Zhou Dynasty, launched the Chen Qiaoyi mutiny in late 1960, and established Tokyo as the capital of the Song Dynasty, known as the Northern Song Dynasty.
● 1 127 Zhao Gou ascended the throne with its capital in Lin 'an, which is known as the Southern Song Dynasty.
Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin star in Southern Song Dynasty, defeated Jin Jun in Weicheng and recovered many lost lands.
● The shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty ranked first in the world. The shipbuilding industry in Guangzhou and Quanzhou in the southeast coast is developed.
Zhancheng Rice, an excellent variety introduced from Vietnam in the Tang Dynasty, was rapidly popularized in the south of the Yangtze River. Rice jumped to the top of grain output in the Song Dynasty, mainly produced in the south. Cotton planting has expanded from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin. Tea trees are planted in hilly areas south of the Yangtze River.
● In the Northern Song Dynasty, the silk products of Shu were named Koutianxia. Silk production in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is very high, and many silks used by the imperial court come from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
1. 1 Asia and Europe
"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place of sunrise in the east; Europa: the place of sunset in the west.
The continental parts of Asia and Europe combined to form Eurasia. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean on the east, south and north, Europe on the west, Africa on the southwest and North America on the east across the Bering Strait. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.
Asian terrain dominated by plateaus and mountains: three characteristics: 1. Terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with high average altitude;
2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.
Terrain difference:
Asia and Europe
The continent with the highest average altitude is the lowest in the world.
The relative height fluctuates greatly on the ground, and the height difference is small.
The main terrain is plateau and mountain plain.
The terrain is high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed on the south and north sides.
Complex and diverse Asian climate: complex and diverse: continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.
Asia with many rivers: most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountains and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;
The internal flow area is very large.
Asian population and countries: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of over 1 100 million are in Asia.
1.2 Africa
The continent with the largest number of countries: "Africa" is the "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, across the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau, which is called "Plateau continent".
The Sahara Desert, located in the north of Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent.
Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.
African savanna is the largest area in all continents.
Climate characteristics: high temperature; A vast arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.
Rich in resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent".
The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.
An economy in urgent need of development:
1.3 America: "New World": America is short for "America".
The natural environment between the north and the south is different: the average altitude in North America is relatively high, and the terrain fluctuates greatly. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland. Immigration and the economy:
Chapter II Understanding the Region
2. 1 Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.
Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including the Indian zhina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of China. Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 20,000 islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, and few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is called "the country of earthquakes"
Regional topographic features and river features
The mountains and rivers of zhina Peninsula alternate from north to south.
The Malay archipelago is rugged, short and swift.
Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation.
Rich in minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.
The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.
The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated.
2.2 South Asia
South Asian subcontinent: South Asia is the vast area between the central and western parts of the sub-Himalayas and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers.
Three regions: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau.
A year is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-10 is the rainy season; The cool season is 1 1 until February of the following year.
Religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan.
Population and economy: South Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a population of about 65.438+0.3 billion, accounting for more than 654.38+0.5 of the world population.
2.3 West Asia
Land of five seas and three continents: Mediterranean; Black sea; Caspian sea; Red sea; Arabian sea. Asia; Africa; Europe
This is also the famous "Silk Road" in ancient China.
Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, especially in Israel.
Arab countries: religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam
World oil treasure house: accounting for 25% of the world's total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf. Oil export route:
2.4 Western Europe
Location and Scope: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, including more than 30 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries.
Strong economic strength: prosperous tourism;
2.5 Arctic and Antarctic regions
World of Ice and Snow: The Arctic refers to the area north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia and North America, as well as some islands. The inland area of the Arctic Circle is about 8 million square kilometers, and the area of the Arctic Ocean is about 1365438+ million square kilometers. The Antarctic region includes the Antarctic continent, its islands and continental ice, as well as a part of the South Pacific Plain, the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Indian Ocean. The polar regions are extremely cold, windy and rainy.
In the Arctic Circle, the population living for a long time is close to 3 million. The local aborigines are mainly Inuit and Lapp. Antarctica has no country and no permanent residents. Polar scientific expedition: China Great Wall Station (62 13; 5858' West) China Zhongshan Station (6925' s；; 76 10 ' E)
Chapter III Entry into China
3. 1 Japan: East Asia Island: Japan is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and more than 3,900 nearby islands. The capital Tokyo. Common language: Japanese. Mountain topography: Japan is a mountainous island country, and 3/4 of its territory is mountains and hills. Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan. Mount Fuji: A famous active volcano, with an altitude of 3776, is the highest peak in Japan.
Humid climate: Japan mainly belongs to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate.
The fusion of East and West: In ancient times, Japanese culture was influenced by China. In modern times, European and American cultures widely influenced Japan. Japanese clothing: kimono; Japanese favorite traditional food: sushi
Developed economy: After World War II, Japan gave full play to its advantages in human resources and maritime transportation, actively introduced advanced foreign technology, and strived to open up the international market, thus making its economy develop rapidly. At present, Japan's GDP ranks second in the world after the United States. The per capita GNP also ranks among the top in the world. Japan is a capitalist country with developed economy, and its processing and manufacturing industry, high-tech industry, international trade, financial industry and information industry all rank among the advanced in the world. The main departments are electronics, home appliances, automobiles, shipbuilding, steel, chemistry, textiles and precision machinery. Japan has a small area of cultivated land and insufficient agricultural labor force, but the level of agricultural production has improved.
Japan is a famous fishery producer in the world. Japan's traffic is also quite developed. Major cities: Tokyo is the national political, economic, cultural and transportation center, and one of the world's mega cities with a population of over120,000.
3.2 Egypt: The land spans two continents: Egypt is the abbreviation of Arab Egypt, and most of it is located in the northeast of Africa. The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal. Egypt's territorial area exceeds 1 10,000 square kilometers.
Religion: Islam; Capital: Cairo (Millennium Ancient Capital). Deserts are widely distributed: the Mediterranean coast in northern Egypt has a Mediterranean climate; Most areas have a tropical desert climate. It is hot, dry and rainy all year round. The longest river in the world? The Nile, which Egyptians call the Mother River, is the Yellow River in China. Ancient civilization: Egypt is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations in the world. Magnificent sphinx, mysterious mummy, solemn temple, hieroglyphics, astronomical calendar. The pyramids of Egypt: known as one of the seven wonders of the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in China's Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are also one of the seven wonders of the world. Develop industry and agriculture: agriculture is concentrated in the Nile Valley and Delta, which is the region with the highest level of agricultural modernization in Africa. It is famous for producing long-staple cotton, and its output ranks first in the world.
3.3 Russia: the country with the largest area: Russia has a vast territory, with a map of 6.5438+0.708 million square kilometers. It is the largest country in the world and the only country that spans two continents and the eastern and western hemispheres.
Vast plains: Russia's terrain is high in the east and low in the west, and rivers and mountains are important dividing lines of large terrain areas. 70% of Russia's territory is vast plains. Temperate continental climate is dominant: most parts of Russia belong to temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers. Rich in resources: Lake Baikal in Siberia is the deepest lake in the world and the lake with the most fresh water in the world. Russia's oil production ranks third in the world. Gold production ranks second in the world. Economy in reform: Russia is an important industrial power, with prominent positions in energy, steel, machinery, chemistry, aerospace and other sectors. The main agricultural products in Russia are cereals, potatoes, flax and dairy products. The Volga River Basin and the Don River Basin in Eastern Europe Plain are the main agricultural areas. 199 1 year Russia disintegrated from the Soviet Union to Russia. Moscow, the capital, is located in the plain of Eastern Europe. The development of Siberia:
3.4 France:
European economic power: land: covering an area of 550,000 square kilometers. Population: 58.89 million. Capital: Paris. Terrain: the southeast is high and the northwest is low, and the plains and hills account for 4/5 of the country. Climate: temperate maritime climate, with little climate change and even water throughout the year. Output: Wheat production ranks among the top in the world. It is the country that exports the most wheat in Europe. Overview: French industry is also very developed. Coal, iron and other important industrial resources are abundant.
Culture and Tourism: France has a long history and splendid culture. Well-preserved cultural relics, beautiful natural scenery, romantic and affectionate folk customs, elegant art and fashion trends ... France 1999 received the largest number of foreign tourists in the world. Tourism is also an important pillar of the French economy.
3.5 United States: the territory of the United States: composition: Alaska, "mainland" and Hawaii. National flag: The Stars and Stripes. Highly developed economy: The United States is a highly developed capitalist country. After World War II, its total industrial output value has been ranked first in the world. America is a big agricultural country in the world. The United States is rich in natural resources, developed in transportation and abundant in science and technology, and has many advantages in developing industry. America is an industrial power in the world. In terms of foreign trade, the United States is not only the country with the largest export volume of industrial and agricultural products, but also the country with the largest import volume of automobiles, oil and textiles in the world.
Population and city: the population in 2000 was 282 million; The vast majority of ethnic groups are white immigrants from Europe, and there are also a few blacks in the United States. The population of the United States is unevenly distributed. The densely populated areas in the United States are coastal plains and near the Great Lakes. However, the western plateau mountainous area is sparsely populated. Washington, the capital of the United States, is located in the District of Columbia. New york is the most populous country in the United States, the largest port and one of the four largest financial centers in the world. Los Angeles is the largest port city and economic and cultural center along the Pacific coast of the United States. San Francisco, commonly known as San Francisco, is one of the financial, trade, educational and cultural centers along the Pacific coast of the United States, and is also a famous natural harbor.
3.6 Brazil: Amazon Plain and Amazon River: Brazil is the largest country in South America with a land area of 8.547 million square kilometers. The topography of Brazil is mainly plains and plateaus. Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the whole territory, and the rest basically belongs to the Brazilian Plateau. There are dense forests and a wide variety of animals and plants here, and it is known as the "world animal and plant kingdom". The forest is dark and humid, sparsely populated and suffering. There are many tributaries of the Amazon River, with gentle water flow and convenient shipping. The estuary is a trumpet-shaped bay with a width of more than 300 kilometers. During the flood season, there is another Wang Yang, the so-called "river and sea". Rapid economic development: Brazil is the strongest country in South America. Brazil has a relatively complete industrial system and a relatively high level of industrial development. Brazil is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world, with a high degree of agricultural mechanization. Brazil has large iron ore reserves, most of which are rich in iron ore. Brazil is rich in hydropower resources, and the proportion of hydropower in domestic power supply is gradually increasing.
Population and City: Brazil is the most populous country in South America, with a total population of 65438+70 million in 2000. Sao Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.
3.7 Australia has a continent: Australia is the largest country in Oceania, bordering Asia in the northwest, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and the Antarctic continent in the south. It is the only country in the world that owns the whole continent. Australia's territory includes mainland Australia, Tasmania and other surrounding islands, covering an area of about 7.74 million square kilometers, ranking sixth in the world. The capital of Australia is Canberra. The common language is English.
Low terrain: The Australian mainland is low and flat, with an average elevation of nearly 300 meters, making it the most gentle continent in the world. The west is a vast and flat plateau; The Central Plains accounts for about 25% of the total area of the mainland; Cape York Peninsula is located in the northern part of the eastern mountainous area. Ancient animals:
Developed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining: Australia is a developed capitalist country in the southern hemisphere.
Australia's natural conditions and the appropriate development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Known as "the country riding on the back of sheep". Australia is rich in mineral resources, many of which are the highest in the world. It has the reputation of "a country sitting on a mine car"