Rusheng is one of the four tones in ancient Chinese, which consists of three different stops and rhymes [-p? ]，[-t？ ]，[-k？ ], the pronunciation is short and you can receive it at once.
Rusheng character is a silent stop, a stage of resistance and resistance, but there is no stop in the end. In the international phonetic alphabet, silent resistance removal is expressed as: [? ]。
The development and expression of Rusheng in Chinese are different. In Cantonese, Minnan dialect, Hainan dialect, Hakka dialect and some Gan dialects, the entering tone and ending are completely preserved [-p? ]，[-t？ ]，[-k？ ]。 Most Gan dialects retain two rhymes [-t? ] and [-k? ]。 In Wu dialect, Jianghuai mandarin, Hui dialect, Jin dialect, Mindong dialect, Puxian dialect and a few southwest mandarin, it has merged into a weak throat rhyme [-? ]。 Some Jianghuai Mandarin, Minzhong Dialect, Xinxiang Dialect and Minbei Dialect retain independent tone values.
Japanese still retains the trace of entering tone, but its broken tail has become another syllable independently. Compared with Korean and Vietnamese, the pronunciation of Rusheng characters is closer to modern southern Chinese.
One of the characteristics of modern Mandarin (except Jianghuai Mandarin) is the disappearance of Rusheng in ancient Chinese. People whose mother tongue is Mandarin (including Mandarin) have lost their entering tone, so they can't distinguish entering tone characters without training. It is difficult for users of Putonghua to judge the level tones in Tang and Song poetry, because some original sounds have been sent to the level tones.
The process of the disappearance of entering tone in Putonghua dialect is not consistent. Generally speaking, it is first merged, then turned into glottis, then the glottis fell off and finally merged into other tones. This process began in sixteen states in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Mandarin of the Yuan Dynasty was silent. Rusheng did not disappear with the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, but still existed widely in southern dialects and northern Jin dialects.
The entering tone forms of ancient Chinese are different in different languages and dialects today.
First, in Putonghua, in most Mandarin dialects and Xiang dialects, Rusheng no longer exists. Therefore, the lack of entering tone is considered as one of the remarkable characteristics that distinguish northern dialects from other dialects.
Followed by Cantonese, Hakka, Minnan and other Chinese dialects, the Zhuang language used by the Zhuang compatriots, the Burmese language used by the Yao compatriots, and the Beijing language used by the Jing compatriots, which relatively completely retain the three tones of "-p", "-t" and "-k" in ancient Chinese. Perhaps influenced by ancient Chinese, Vietnamese has three tones: "-p", "T" and "K".
Thirdly, Gan dialect, including Nanchang dialect, Gao 'an dialect, Shanggao dialect and She dialect used by She nationality, retains the two forms of entering tone "-t" and "-k". In which "-k" is weakened to glottic sound "-?" Fashion.
Fourth, Jin dialect, including Taiyuan dialect, Xinzhou dialect and Changzhi dialect; Wu dialect, including Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect; Jianghuai Mandarin, including Nanjing dialect, Yangzhou dialect and yancheng dialect, has only one weak vowel "-?" .
Fifthly, most Chinese characters read by Japanese from China are syllabized and have been preserved to this day. The so-called syllabization is the process and method of adding vowels after the stops that constitute the entering tone to make them independent syllables. For example, the second syllable "くく (ku)" of Japanese characters "Guo (こく)", "Bei (ほく)" has entered the vowel "k" in ancient Chinese. This is somewhat similar to the transliteration of English words in modern Chinese. For example, the three English words "bus", "Smith" and "Bush" all use the consonants "s", "θ" and "?" After being translated into Chinese, the ending syllables are all independent syllables, namely "Shi", "Shi Si" and "Shi" because of the addition of vowels.
Sixthly, in Southwest Mandarin (including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places), the vowels in Putonghua end with E, I, U and ao, while the vowels in Southwest Mandarin are changed to/ε/,that is, uo and uo, so as to keep the vowels in the throat. But the words ending in O and A are indistinguishable because they are the same as Mandarin. Specific examples are "de" (archaic dok, Southwest Mandarin /dε/, Mandarin DE), "li" (archaic lit, Southwest Mandarin lie, Mandarin Li), "wu" (archaic uk, Southwest Mandarin Wu) and "yao" (archaic yak, Southwest Mandarin Yu, Mandarin Yao). In addition, these places are Luo and Mu 'ao; ; At the same time, another inflected "-er" is used to supplement other entering vowels of I, such as ten, ruler and day (the ancient sounds are zip, ciiek and niit respectively, but they become si, ci and zsi in Southwest Mandarin, but these places are all pronounced shier, chier and rier). (The change of/ε/may also be the pronunciation of Mandarin ai, and uo may also be the pronunciation of Mandarin ue. It is necessary to meet the above corresponding conditions to judge whether to enter the tone. ) Most of the rules of entering tone have been summarized in the first sentence.