Different types of poetry have their own characteristics in the form of expression, rhythm and prosody, which can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry according to the form of expression. According to the meter, it can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry; According to the language, it can be divided into four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. According to the content, it can be divided into pastoral poems (landscape poems), event poems (ambition), frontier poems (fighting), homesick poems, historical poems (homesickness) and so on.
1. Landscape pastoral poetry: Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry, focusing on praising the landscape pastoral in natural scenery. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that all scenery words are sentimental words, that is, the author's landscape and natural scenery are integrated into the author's subjective feelings, or the author's thoughts and feelings are expressed by scenery or scenes. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of landscape pastoral poetry and Xie Lingyun is the originator of landscape poetry in the Southern Dynasties. The school of pastoral poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian. Of course, there are Li Bai, Du Fu and Su Shi. There are also a large number of excellent works describing landscapes.
For example, Wang Wei's "Mountain in Autumn" "After the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? By describing the beautiful scenery in the mountains, the simple folk customs in the mountain villages and the hardworking people in the countryside, the poet outlined his ideal social realm, expressed his satisfaction with his current seclusion, and fully embodied Wang Wei's characteristics of "painting in poetry".
(2) Poems about things: Poems about things are characterized by expressing ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony symbolizes wealth, Huayang means autumn and so on. Different images have different connotations. When appreciating poems about objects, we must pay attention to the feelings the author places when describing things. The emotional expression of some object-chanting poems is implicit, which requires us to appreciate it carefully when reading. For example, Yu Qian's Ode to Lime: \ \ \ A thousand hammers chisel out a deep mountain, and a fire burns idle. Not afraid of broken bones, leaving innocence in the world. The value of this poem lies in the self-description everywhere, expressing a person's determination to serve the country faithfully, not afraid of sacrifice, and stick to noble sentiments. Singing lime is singing a person's open mind and noble and innocent personality.
3. Frontier poems: frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, unrestrained and uninhibited, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling; However, the frontier poems in the Song Dynasty show more resentment and sadness about serving the country and the hopeless sadness of returning home, with Fan Zhongyan as the representative. The frontier fortress poems are characterized by showing the times from different angles. When appreciating, we should first grasp the characteristics of the times, and then scrutinize the different thoughts and feelings contained in the works. For example, Cen Can's "On Receiving the Envoys from the Capital" said: "The east road of my hometown is long, and the dragon bell with double sleeves cries. I will meet you immediately, without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. " Reflect the heart song of thinking of relatives while guarding the border. Although things are small, feelings are deep.
(4) Reminiscent poems: If writing scenery poems is lyrical through scenery, then the characteristic of reminiscence poems is instant lyricism. Narrative expression, through the description of specific events to express feelings, express personal feelings of farewell, nostalgia, sadness, sense of time and so on. Such as "Farewell to Du Fu in Shu" and "Wang Chun" by Du Fu. The author often feels something because of one thing, and writes a poem to express his feelings. To appreciate this kind of poetry, we must first understand what the author wrote, and then appreciate what feelings the author expressed. Li Shangyin's Note to a friend in the North on a rainy night \ \ \ Jun asked that the return date was undecided, and the rain rose in the autumn pool at night. When * * * cut the candle at the west window, but talk about the rain at night. The first two sentences of the poem describe the immediate environment in the form of questions and answers, that is, "what is happening \", and expound the feelings and deep nostalgia for his wife, that is, express his feelings, while the last two sentences imagine the joy of meeting again tomorrow and having a heart-to-heart talk, reflecting the loneliness tonight, which is a further expression.
⑤ Poetry-chanting: Poets' chanting of a historical event or historical figure is generally integrated with the poet's unique knowledge, which is based on history and figures ... >>
Question 2: What are the types of ancient poems?
The memory of ancient poetry is generally the memory of ancient people and things.
Poetry about history often distorts historical facts and reality, or regrets personal experience or criticizes social reality. For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao. "Red Cliff Nostalgia" lamented his personal experience, the contradiction between ideal and reality, and achieved nothing over half a year. Xin Qiji's Forever Happiness. "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou" expressed his dissatisfaction with the court's drag out an ignoble existence and attacked the social reality.
There are also poems about history, which only reflect and evaluate history calmly and rationally, or just describe it objectively. The poet's own experience is not among them, and the poet's feelings are just the sound outside the painting. For example, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane compares the past and the present, expressing the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes.
The appreciation of epic poems should first understand historical facts and allusions, then understand intentions and feelings, and finally taste techniques.
1. Form tag:
There are monuments and ancient names in the title, or "Yong" is the front, or "nostalgia for the past" and "eternal nostalgia" are the back.
Second, poetry.
Characteristics of object-chanting poems: the content takes a certain object as the description object, and describes it by grasping some of its characteristics. Ideologically, it is often to express one's wishes. From things to people, from reality to nothingness, write spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast. (1) takes image as the theme; (2) chanting (topic, gift, praise)+object.
Third, write landscape poems.
Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty created landscape poetry, Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty created pastoral poetry, and in the Tang Dynasty, the school of landscape pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran appeared.
Landscape pastoral poetry is good at describing natural scenery, pastoral scenery and comfortable seclusion life, with meaningful and beautiful poetic landscape, quiet and elegant style and clear and elegant language.
This kind of poetry is often lyrical in the scenery, lyrical in the scenery, and the writing is often sketched and set off.
4. Landscape pastoral poetry can live:
1 retire from the countryside and love mountains and rivers; ② Depicting the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers and loving the motherland;
(3) I hate the darkness of officialdom, express my carefree mood, and express my noble character of never colluding with others.
Fourth, war poems.
Poems about frontier fortress and war have existed since the pre-Qin period and developed into the Tang Dynasty. Because of the frequent wars, the rulers value martial arts over literature, and it is easier for literati to win fame and fortune by inviting the border court than the imperial examination. In addition, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems with magnificent feelings developed greatly, forming a new school of poetry, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling.
1. Official symbol: the words "blockade", "levy" and "army" appear in the title; There are also some old Yuefu poems, such as Liangzhou Ci, Youth Travel, Guan Shanyue and Joining the Army.
2. Basic theme:
The desire to establish a career; The determination to defend the country; The pain of mountains and rivers falling; Homesickness living in the border for a long time; The hardships of life beyond the Great Wall and the tragic battles of successive years; Anger that there is no way to serve the country and sorrow that there is no hope of returning home.
3. Analysis focus: To appreciate frontier fortress poems, we should combine the author's life thoughts and the specific time of poetry creation, appreciate what the poet wrote in the poems and what kind of emotions he expressed, and pay attention to the scenery with frontier fortress characteristics and the events and psychology with war characteristics. Five, travel poems and in my heart forever's poems.
Long-term exile, long-term wandering, or long-term defense of the border will always cause strong homesickness, so there are many such poems. They either write about their nostalgia for a trip, or their thoughts about their relatives and friends, or their homesickness, or their thoughts about being pregnant in the boudoir. In writing, I feel emotional about the scene, the moon (Mid-Autumn Festival, Chongyang Ascending, Spring Sorrow, Returning Home at Sunset), or lyrical about things (moon, geese, flute and willow), or lyrical about dreams, or lyrical about wonderful metaphors.
To appreciate this kind of poetry, we should determine the emotional category on the basis of overall perception; Grasping the image and constructing the picture; Grasp the key words and appreciate the artistic features.
Travel poems: mainly express the hardships and loneliness of travelers, as well as the thoughts of their hometown and relatives.
In my heart forever's poems: First, express women's longing for their husbands who went abroad to fight in the war, express their disgust at the war or encourage their husbands to make contributions; The second is to express the thoughts of her husband who is far away from home, and express the tenderness and sadness of women; The third is to express the resentment of women in the palace against the situation of being imprisoned and left out, and to express their yearning for a free and happy life.
Sixth, farewell poems
In ancient times, due to inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to meet for several years ... >>
Question 3: Classification of Tang poetry ◎ Genres and categories of Tang poetry.
Tang poetry can be divided into three categories: metrical poems, quatrains and ancient poems. Rhyme, quatrains and ancient poems are divided into five words and seven words respectively. If it is distinguished by meters, it can be divided into two categories: ancient wind and near-body wind. Classical poetry doesn't use flat and even words, the number of sentences is not fixed (but even sentences are needed), the rhyme can be changed, and it can be freely played.
Modern poetry (including quatrains, metrical poems and lines of poetry) uses words to describe levels and parallelism, and there are a certain number of sentences, which pay attention to rhyme and antithesis and have certain rules. The basis of meter lies in the flat tone; There are four tones. It's noisy to go up and in. Because the meter is very strict, it is called meter poem.
◎ Rhyme: It is a quadruple of eight sentences.
Five-character poems are called five-character poems, or "five laws" for short; Seven-character poems are called seven-character poems, or "seven-character poems" for short.
The first and second sentences are "first couplet", "first couplet" or "first couplet", and the third and fourth sentences are "parallel couplet" or "first couplet".
Five or six sentences are "neck joint" or "back joint", and seven or eight sentences are "tail joint", "tail joint" or "knot joint".
The last words of two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme the same. Parallel couplets and necklaces must be opposed.
◎ Exclusion Law: also known as "Dragon Law".
It is a kind of metrical poem with more than eight sentences, and the number of each sentence is unlimited. Every sentence is flush, and the last word of the two sentences must rhyme.
Fight.
According to the regulations, parallel couplets and neck couplets must be opposite, and the first couplet and the last couplet can be right or wrong.
These two quatrains are also right or wrong. The first couplet in the arrangement can be right or wrong, the middle couplet must be right or wrong, and the last couplet can only be ended if it is wrong.
The characteristic of duality is 1. The word count should be the same. 2. Grammar should be the same (parts of speech should be relative). 3. Ping and Ping should be opposite.
◎ rhyme:
1. The first sentence and the second sentence can be connected with rhyme feet, and the rest is only rhyming with other sentences, that is, even sentences.
2. Rhyme and arrangement limit the level of rhyme, and quatrains are mainly based on the level of rhyme, while five-character quatrains have some rhymes.
3. One rhyme goes to the end and cannot be changed.
4. There should be no repeated rhymes.
5. The second sentence of quatrains rhymes with the fourth sentence (the first sentence can be pledged or not), and there are not a few examples of quatrains rhyming.
6. There must be 20% to 20% right four sentences in the middle of rhyme. The first sentence rhymes, and the second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme (the first sentence does not rhyme, and the second sentence rhymes even if it changes). The arrangement is the same, only the first pair and the second pair can be wrong, and the rest are arranged in pairs.
7. The level of a poem is based on the second word of the first sentence.
◎ Staging of Tang Poetry: Poetry in the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) can be divided into four periods: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang.
1. Early Tang Dynasty (6 18-7 12):
The early Tang Dynasty is the gestation period of Tang poetry. The main poets are four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty (,Luo,,), (4), Wowen, etc.
2. The prosperous Tang Dynasty (7 12-675):
The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the golden age of Tang poetry. At that time, outstanding poets were like the stars in the sky, and two great poets appeared-Li Bai and Du Fu. Besides Li and Du, Gao Shi, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are also outstanding poets.
3. Mid-Tang Dynasty (766-835):
Poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty is only a continuation of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The main poets are Wei, Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi.
4. Late Tang Dynasty (836-906):
The late Tang Dynasty is an era when Tang poetry turned from prosperity to decline. Most poets imitate the talents of their predecessors, lack tolerance and have low artistic achievements. The main poets are Du Mu, Li Shangyin and Wen.
◎ There is a so-called "poetic eye" in poems (words). The First Draft of the History of China Literature says: "The poetic eye is the place where this word is skillfully used in poetry, such as the word" hanging down "in Stars and the Moon Coming Up Along the River (Du Fu's One Night Abroad)." All the "poetic eyes" use clever words, which can make the whole poem look extraordinary and charming. There are many words used in this situation in Du Fu's poems, such as "A bird flies lightly", which is a sentence describing a soldier whipping his horse and flying forward. The word "country" is not only used lightly, but also shows a swaggering spirit.
◎ Origin of Double Ninth Festival
The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the traditional Double Ninth Festival in China. Double Ninth Festival is also called Twilight Festival, Ascending Festival, Seniors Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Cornus officinalis Festival and Chrysanthemum Festival. The origin of its name is this: the ancients divided numbers into yin and yang, and nine were yang. On September 9, the sun and the moon merged, so it was called "Chongyang".
Legend of Double Ninth Festival
A long time ago, there was a man named Huan Jing in runan county. He, his parents, his wife and his family are guarding several plots of land and living in peace. Who knows ... >>
Question 4: What are the classifications of poetry? Poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry.
Among them, ancient poetry includes poems, words and songs.
Modern poetry is basically divided into:
Realism, aestheticism, symbolism and neo-romantic imagism
Futurism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Postmodernism and Figurationism are ten schools.
I hope it helps you, O(∩_∩)O~