(issued by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on December 13th, 1995)
1 Scope
This standard specifies the names, forms and usage of punctuation marks. This standard plays an important auxiliary role in Chinese writing norms.
this standard is applicable to Chinese written language. Foreign languages and scientific and technological circles also refer to it.
2 definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions
Sentence sentence
has a pause before and after, and has a certain intonation, indicating a language unit with relatively complete meaning.
declarative sentence
a sentence used to illustrate facts.
imperative sentence
a sentence used to ask the listener to do something.
interrogative sentence
a sentence used to ask questions.
exclamatory sentence
A sentence used to express some strong feelings.
complex sentence, clause, clause
Small sentences with closely related meanings are organized to form a big sentence. Such a big sentence is called a complex sentence, and each small sentence in a complex sentence is called a clause.
words expression
words and phrases (phrases). Words are the smallest language units that can be used independently. A phrase, that is, a language unit composed of two or more words that express a certain meaning according to certain grammatical rules, is also called a phrase.
3 Basic rules
3.1 Punctuation marks are symbols of auxiliary written language and an organic part of written language, which are used to express pause, mood and the nature and function of words.
3.2 There are 16 commonly used punctuation marks, which are divided into two categories: dot and label.
The function of the dot is to punctuate, which mainly indicates the pause and tone when speaking. The dot is divided into the dot at the end of the sentence and the dot in the sentence. The dot at the end of a sentence is used at the end of a sentence, including a period, a question mark and an exclamation point, indicating the pause at the end of the sentence and the tone of the sentence. The dot in a sentence is used in a sentence, including comma, pause, semicolon and colon, indicating various pauses in the sentence.
The function of labels is to indicate, mainly indicating the nature and function of sentences. There are nine commonly used labels, namely: quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipsis, bullets, hyphens, intervals, book titles and proper titles.
4 Instruction
4.1 period
4.1.1 period is in the form of "." . There is also a form of period, that is, a dot ".",which is generally used in scientific and technological literature.
4.1.2 the pause at the end of the statement is a period.
a) Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China.
b) Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.
c) Asia has a vast territory, spanning cold, warm and hot zones, and the climate is complex and diverse because of the different topography and distance from the ocean.
4.1.3 A period is also used at the end of an imperative sentence with a soothing tone.
please wait a moment.
4.2 question mark
4.2.1 question mark is in the form of "?" .
4.2.2 pause at the end of the question, with a question mark. For example,
a) Have you ever seen a golden monkey?
b) What's his name?
c) is it better to go or not to go?
4.2.3 A question mark is also used at the end of the rhetorical question.
a) Don't you know me yet?
b) how can you say that?
4.3 exclamation point
4.3.1 exclamation point is in the form of "!" .
4.3.2 pause at the end of an exclamatory sentence, with an exclamation point. For example:
a) Strive for the prosperity of the motherland!
b) how I want to see his old man!
4.3.3 exclamations are also used at the end of imperative sentences with strong tone. For example:
a) Get out!
b) stop shooting!
4.3.4 At the end of rhetorical questions with strong tone, exclamation marks are also used. For example,
I can't compare with him!
4.4 comma
4.4.1 comma is in the form of ",".
4.4.2 If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate in a sentence, use a comma. For example,
Most of the stars we can see are stars.
4.4.3 If there is a pause between the verb and the object in the sentence, use a comma. For example,
It should be noted that science needs a person to devote his life's energy.
4.4.4 If there is a pause after the adverbial in the sentence, use a comma.
He is no stranger to this city.
4.4.5 pauses between clauses in a complex sentence should be comma except sometimes semicolons. For example,
It is said that there are more than 1 gardens in Suzhou, but I have only been to more than a dozen.
4.5 pause
4.5.1 pause is in the form of ",".
4.5.2 pause between coordinate words in a sentence, using pause. For example,
a) Amazon, Nile, Mississippi and Yangtze are the four major rivers in the world.
b) A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles.
4.6 semicolon
4.6.1 semicolon is in the form of ";" .
4.6.2 pause between coordinate clauses in complex sentences, with semicolons. For example:
a) language, which people use to express their feelings; Words are used by people to remember words and notes.
b) On the Yangtze River, Qutang Gorge is like a gate, and the gorge is dangerous; Wuxia is like a winding gallery. Every song and every turn is like an excellent landscape painting, magical and beautiful. The water in Xiling Gorge is dangerous, with rapids and dangerous beaches everywhere.
4.6.3 For multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relations (such as turning relations and causal relations), semicolons are also used between the front and back parts of the first layer. For example:
Chinese citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law.
4.6.4 semicolons can also be used between the items listed in the branch. For example,
The administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China are as follows:
(1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;
(2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities;
(3) Counties and autonomous counties are townships, nationality townships and towns.
4.7 colon
4.7.1 colon is in the form of ":".
4.7.2 is used after address terms to indicate that the following is mentioned. For example:
Comrades and friends:
Now the meeting is over.
4.7.3 is used after the words "say, think, yes, prove, announce, point out, disclose, for example, as follows", which means to mention the following. For example,
He was very surprised and said, "Ah, it's you!"
4.7.4 is used after the general discourse to indicate that it causes the following arguments. For example,
There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Wumen Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghuamen Gate and Xihuamen Gate.
4.7.5 is used after the words that need to be explained, indicating that it leads to an explanation or explanation. For example:
Foreign Language Book Fair
Date: October 2th to November 1th
Time: 8: a.m. to 4: p.m.
Location: No.16 Gongti East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing
Organizer: China Book Import and Export Corporation
4.7.6. You can also use a colon to summarize the above. For example:
Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry; Li Ping was admitted to a secondary technical school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing. I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future.
4.8 quotation marks
4.8.1 quotation marks are in the form of double quotation marks and single quotation marks.
4.8.2 if you quote directly in the text, use quotation marks. For example,
a) Einstein said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge, because knowledge is limited, and imagination summarizes everything in the world, promotes progress and is the source of knowledge."
b) The adage "Full strokes hurt, modest gains" has been circulating for at least two thousand years today.
c) Modern painter Xu Beihong's horse, as some critics have said, is "full of vitality with both spirit and form".
4.8.3 the objects that need to be discussed emphatically are marked with quotation marks. For example,
The ancients had a basic requirement for writing articles, which was called "having things in order". "Having things" means having content, and "being orderly" means being organized.
4.8.4 words with special meanings are also marked with quotation marks. For example,
a) Looking up from the foot of the mountain, I saw the torches arranged in many zigzag shapes, all the way to the sky, connected with the stars, and I couldn't tell whether they were torches or stars.
b) There are fewer such "smart people".
4.8.5 when quotation marks are used inside, double quotation marks should be used outside and single quotation marks should be used inside. For example,
He stood up and asked, "Teacher, what does' orderly' mean?"
4.9 brackets
4.9.1 The common form of brackets is the parenthesis "()". In addition, there are square brackets, hexagonal brackets and square brackets.
4.9.2 the explanatory words in the writing are indicated by brackets. Annotate a word in a sentence, including the note immediately after the annotated word; Annotate the whole sentence, including the note after the punctuation at the end of the sentence. For example:
a) The discovery of Chinese ape-man (full name "Peking Man of China", or "Peking Man" for short) in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.
b) Writing research articles is different from literary creation, so you can't spread out the manuscript paper and do "improvisation". (In fact, literary creation also needs literacy to have "improvisation". )
4.1 dash
4.1.1 dash is in the form of "-".
4.1.2 Explanations in writing are indicated by dashes. For example:
a) Step into the golden gate, pass through the wide wind hall and cloakroom, and you will arrive at the central hall, the pivotal part of the Great Hall building.
b) For the happiness of the people of the whole country, including ourselves, each of us should be conscientious and work hard.
4.1.3 sudden change of topic is indicated by a dash. For example,
"It's so hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? " Zhang Qiang said to Xiao Wang who just entered the door.
4.1.4 The sound is prolonged, and the onomatopoeia is followed by a dash.
"Woo-"The train has started.
4.1.5 Items shall be listed and shared, and each item shall be preceded by a dash. For example:
According to the different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five sub-disciplines:
-environmental acoustics;
-environmental optics;
-environmental heat;
-environmental electromagnetism;
-environmental aerodynamics.
4.11 ellipsis
4.11.1 ellipsis is in the form of "……", with six dots occupying the position of two words. If it is an omission of a whole passage or line, it can be represented by twelve dots.
4.11.2 the omission of quotations is indicated by ellipsis. For example,
She gently hummed a lullaby: "The moon is bright, the wind is quiet, and the leaves cover the window lattice ..."
The ellipsis listed in 4.11.3 is marked with ellipsis. For example,
At the flower market in Guangzhou, peony, bell, narcissus, plum blossom, chrysanthemum, camellia, cymbidium sinense … flowers in spring, autumn and winter are all crowded together!
4.11.4 speaking intermittently can be marked by ellipsis. For example:
"I'm sorry … everyone, I … didn't … complete the task".
4.12 bullet
4.12.1 bullet is in the form of ".".
4.12.2 words, phrases and sentences that require readers to pay special attention are marked with bullets. For example,
the cause is done, not blown out.
4.13 Connectivity
4.13.1 Connectivity is in the form of "-",which occupies the position of a word. There are three other forms of Connectivity, namely "_ _" (which occupies the position of two words), "-"(which occupies the position of half a word) and "~" (which occupies the position of half a word).
4.13.2 two related nouns form a unit of meaning, with a hyphen in the middle. For example:
a) The area north of Qinling-Huaihe River in China belongs to temperate monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer and cold and dry winter.
b) Compound sodium chloride injection, also known as Ringer-Locke solution, is used in medical and mammalian physiological experiments.
4.13.3 The relevant time, place or number shall be marked with a connecting sign. For example:
a) Lu Xun (1881-1936) is a great modern writer, thinker and revolutionary in China. Formerly known as Zhou Shuren, Yucai was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
b) "Beijing-Guangzhou" express train
c) Kyoho grapes planted in Liyuan Township have entered a high-yield period this year, with an yield of 1,-1,5 kilograms per mu.
4.13.4 between related letters and Arabic numerals, the product model is indicated by connecting numbers. For example,
In the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine cables that have been built and put into use, TPC-4 submarine cables are put into operation.
4.13.5 Several related projects indicate progressive development, with a hyphen in the middle. For example,
human development can be divided into four stages: ape-ape-man-ancients-newcomers.
4.14 interval number
4.14.1 interval number is in the form of "".
4.14.2 The boundaries between the parts in the names of foreigners and some ethnic minorities are marked with a space sign. For example:
leonardo da vinci
Ai Xinjue Luo Nuerhachi
4.14.3 The boundary between the title of a book and the title of an article (chapter, volume) is marked with a space sign. For example:
Encyclopedia of China Physics
History of the Three Kingdoms, History of Shu and Biography of Zhuge Liang
4.15 Book title
4.15.