On February 30th, the second year after Zhang Han's death (88), Liu died in Zhangdeqian Hall, at the age of 31, in posthumous title, named Su Zong after the hall. Testament can't sleep in the temple, and everything is buried according to the system of Emperor Han Ming. On March 18th of the same year, Liu was buried in Jingling (now southeast of Luoyang, Henan).
Political measures, political measures, lenient punishment, lenient punishment
Historically, Liu Zhonghou was kind and loyal to his family, and his punishment was indeed lenient. For example, according to the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, officials were imprisoned for three generations, that is, three generations were not allowed to be officials. Liu abolished this system. Liu's rewards to officials and nobles often exceed the prescribed limits, causing financial difficulties for the country and shifting these burdens on the people. It can be seen that Herry Liu's generosity is not entirely based on principles.
Some of Liu's decrees and punishments are sometimes not based on facts, but on the study of predicting disasters. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (76), there was a drought in Yanzhou, Henan, Xu and other States, and the hungry people were everywhere. On the one hand, Liu mobilized the national treasury to provide emergency relief to the hungry people, on the other hand, he called ministers to discuss solutions. According to the popular view at that time, successive years of drought were due to the imbalance of yin and yang, which was related to political affairs. Stuart Baoyu complained bitterly: "A few years ago, Liu Ying, the king of Chu, was imprisoned and hundreds of people were arrested. Not all these people are guilty, and I'm afraid half of those involved in jail are wronged. People sentenced to imprisonment are far away from home, separated from their flesh and blood, and their souls cannot rest in peace when they die. This has led to the imbalance between yin and yang and floods and droughts. Now it is better to pardon these criminals, lift their imprisonment and let them go home and reunite with their loved ones. This may bring harmony, dew in the sky, alleviate drought and alleviate the suffering of the Lebanese people. " Chen Chong, Minister of State, also said: "Governing the country is like tuning the tune. If the string is adjusted too tightly, it will break, and if the punishment is too severe, it will cause people's dissatisfaction. I suggest that your majesty further reduce the punishment. " Liu listened to their advice, pardoned the world and reduced the punishment.
Prohibition of torture
During Liu's reign, he implemented a leniency policy, which abolished the previous prohibition that one person committed treason and other major crimes and all relatives were involved. Order criminals to reduce their sentences and move to border areas. Besides more than 50 articles about torture, Chen Chong, a senior official, also discussed the prohibition of torture. Private cooking and casting of salt and iron are prohibited. Pay attention to the election of officials, and take cheap officials as the guarantee of political clarity. Crack down on the annexation of land by powerful landlords, adopt preferential policies to support the people and reclaim land, encourage population growth and reduce corvee tax.
Culture advocates Confucianism.
Main entrance: White Tiger View Conference
Eight years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (83 years), talented students were selected to study Zuoshi Chunqiu, Gu Liang Chunqiu, Wen Gu Shangshu and Shi Mao. Because there are many differences among the philosophers, it is equivalent to discussing the similarities and differences of the Five Classics, and ordering Ban Gu to sort out the discussion results into a book, which is called "White Tiger with Tongde Theory" (also known as "White Tiger Yi Tong" and "White Tiger Yi Tong"). This book systematically absorbed the knowledge of Yin-Yang, Five Elements and divination, and formed the main arguments of Confucian Classics School, which is the further development of Confucian mysticism philosophy since Dong Zhongshu. Calendar reform began with the quarterly calendar written by Li Fan and others.
The state maintains the Silk Road.
During the reign of Emperor Han Ming, Ban Chao was ordered to send an envoy to the Western Regions, so that all the departments in the Western Regions could have a panoramic view, and the central government set up a capital protection department there. However, there are still wars in the region and the situation is not calm. At the beginning of Liu's accession to the throne, the border was once again turbulent. Yanqi, Qiuci and Che joined forces with the northern Xiongnu to attack the central military and political headquarters. The situation is quite tense. Liu and people discuss countermeasures, everyone wants to stop, and Situ Baozheng urges reinforcements. Liu accepted Bao Xian's suggestion and sent troops to the west to save the border crisis.
However, Liu hesitated whether to continue to operate the western regions, and ministers also argued endlessly. Due to the practical difficulties of human and material resources, Liu finally gave up the Western Regions and ordered the Han Dynasty personnel stranded in the Western Regions to return to China.
At this time, Ban Chao lived in Shule, and he also received a letter of withdrawal. He packed his luggage, got his horses ready and prepared to return to his long-lost motherland. After living in the western regions for many years, he was reluctant to go, and the people in the western regions also loved and respected him. Hearing that Ban Chao was going back to China, Shule people were dismayed, because Ban Chao had a way to deal with the Huns. With Ban Chao gone, there will be no peace in the world. A Shule captain pulled out a long knife and cried all over his face. He sighed to Tianchang: "The envoys of the Han Dynasty left me, and our country will be destroyed by the Huns. Instead of dying the next day, it is better to follow Special Envoy Han today and send him back! " Say, kill yourself with a knife. Although Ban Chao was inseparable, the king's life had to be diverted to the east. Soon arrived in Khotan, Khotan people stopped to meet Ban Chao. When they heard that he would return to the East, they all burst into tears. People nearby knelt on Ban Chao's horse leg and wouldn't let him leave. Ban Chao had no choice but to stay. At the same time, he wrote to Liu, asking him to stay in the Western Regions. Liu agreed to Ban Chao's request.
Ban Chao united the people of all ethnic groups in the western regions and effectively curbed the invasion of the northern Xiongnu. All the countries in the western regions except Qiuci are willing to submit to the Han Dynasty. Six years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (8 1), Ban Chao wrote to Zhang Han in Shule, requesting to send troops for support and surrender to Qiuci, so as to realize the strategic intention of "breaking the right arm of Xiongnu". Liu supported Ban Chao's plan and collected officials. Just then, Xu Gan, a native of Ping Ling, volunteered to write a letter to North Korea, wishing to make contributions to other countries. Liu Daxi immediately ordered him to be a fake Sima, led an expeditionary force of more than a thousand people, and went west to rescue Ban Chao. Among the western countries, Wusun is the most powerful, so Ban Chao asked Liu to send messengers to express condolences to Wusun. Liu agreed to send envoys to Wusun. King Wusun was very happy. In the eighth year of Yu Jianchu (83), he sent envoys to pay a return visit to the Han Dynasty as a gesture of friendship. In the Western Regions, Liu was very satisfied that the Han Dynasty received such great state support. So Ban Chao was promoted to be a general, and he was granted the right to represent the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Western Regions. Ban Chao's prestige in the Western Regions increased greatly due to its close ties with the Central Committee of the Han Dynasty, especially due to Wu Sun's attachment. All countries in the Western Regions are willing to accept Ban Chao's containment, thus paving the way for the Eastern Han Dynasty to get through the close ties with the Western Regions again.
After Liu ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern, attached importance to agriculture and mulberry, built water conservancy projects, reduced corvee, had simple food and clothing, and practiced "sharing interest with the people" and "being good at Confucianism", which made the economy and culture of the Eastern Han Dynasty develop greatly at this time. At this time, his thoughts are also active, such as Wang Chong. At this time, politics was clear and the economy was prosperous.
Liu also sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions twice, making the Western Regions a vassal of the Han Dynasty again. Because the Ming and Zhang dynasties generally inherited the policy of guangwu, made great efforts to govern, and made great achievements in civil and military affairs, it was called "the rule of Zhang Ming" in history.
However, due to the excessive elevation of Confucianism, some officials pursued vanity, lost reality and began to corrupt. Moreover, Liu indulged his consorts too much, which led to the consorts' autocracy in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, laying a distant foundation for the consorts' autocracy and eunuch dictatorship in the future.
The evaluation of Cao Pi in past dynasties: the elders of Emperor Zhang.
(1) Zhang knew that the people were tired of the harsh laws, so he went easy on him. Feel the meaning of Chen Chong, except the miserable prison. Deep love, in the order of prenatal care. Flatter the queen mother of mingde and be filial. Worship Zhou's relatives by name. Ping Jian Fu Jian, and people rely on Qi Qing. Being loyal and forgiving, writing is ritual and music. Therefore, it is a kind of harmony, which is the virtue of the group. It's good to be called an elder! During his thirteen years in office, Fu Ruijun had hundreds of books. Whoo! (2) Su Zongji, generous by nature. In Muhoude, I dare to be profound. Regarding art, consider the law. The way to think of the emperor is the length of greatness. The Confucian pavilion offers songs, and the pavilion is empty. When it is calm, the people are rich.
Xue Ying: Emperor Zhang inherited peace and nothing happened in the world. He worships gods, makes friends with brothers, knows how to save taxes, cares for the people, gets rid of harsh laws, imprisons the people and suppresses the wind of benevolent government. Based on yin and yang, the people are happy; The combination of public and Swiss can't win, and the test book has a cloud.
Song Yuan: Emperor Zhang Xiao has enough wealth, but he lacks judgment. His boudoir is a mess, and his consorts will spoil him very much. Treasure it! If Ming and Zhang are the two masters, the loss is more than enough, and the ancient sages are also.
Johnny was called an elder, but that fool said that Johnny's illness was more than just an ear.
Huang Renyu: Strictly speaking, only the first three monarchs of the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Later Han Dynasty can make a difference; This is the "resurrection" of Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiuzhi and Liu Zhuang. They consolidated their empire with harsh laws, mystified and refined the monarchy with various buildings and ceremonies, and reiterated the Confucian purpose with Zhang Tan to strengthen the administrative support of moral power.
Anecdotal anecdotes make "Cao Zhang"
Liu is a calligrapher. His cursive script is very famous. The popular style in later generations is said to be a calligraphy style formed by Liu's hobby. Cao Zhang is an early cursive script, which began in the Han Dynasty and is the predecessor of "Modern Grass". It evolved from cursive official script. The main difference from Modern Grass is that it retains the brushwork of official script, and the upper and lower characters are independent and unconnected.
Family members, parents and father: Liu Zhuang, Emperor of the Han Dynasty.
Mother: Jia Guiren
Zhang De (Queen Dou) Dou Family
Empress Gong Huai (posthumous title) Liang (Liang Guiren), daughter of praise, born Han and emperor.
Empress (posthumous title) Song (Song Guiren) was originally named Qinghe Wang.
Dou Guiren, sister of Queen Zhang De
Liang is respectful to the queen's sister.
Shen Guiren, Liu Shou, King of Huibei, and Liu Kai, King of Hejian.
Children and sons
Liu (the great-grandson of Emperor Gaozu), a town in Guizhou, has an unknown mother.
Pingchun mourned Wang Liuquan, whose mother was unknown and had no queen.
Qinghe filial piety Wang Liu Qing (his sons are Liu Hu, Liu Bao, great-grandson Han Chong and Liu Bing), a noble mother of the Song Dynasty.
Emperor Gaozu (son of Emperor Gaozu) was Liang's aristocratic mother.
Liu Mao, King Hui of Jibei (whose son was Liu Yi, the emperor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), was the mother of Shen Guiren.
Hejian Xiaozong King Liu Kai (whose grandson is Han Gaozu Herry Liu, whose great-grandson is Han Gaozu Liu Hong, Han Gaozu Liu Bian and Han Gaozu Liu Xie) is the mother of Shen Guiren.
Chengyang is pregnant with the king, the mother is unknown, and there is no queen.
Guangzong Liu Wang is ten thousand years old and has no name, no mother and no queen.
daughter
Princess Wude Royal Talia Liu
Princess Liu Wang of Pingyi married Feng You, assistant minister of Huangmen.
Yin An Gongzhu Liu Ji