Expression techniques, also known as expressive techniques and artistic techniques, refer to the composition and techniques of poetry.
1, allusions
There are two kinds: quoting useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
"In those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger" (Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia")
This word is practical except recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago. "When Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" is about the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains.
"After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat turns green" (Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow)
Du Mu's poem quoted in "Spring Breeze Shili" shows the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past. Let the Wheat Green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
Another example: Li Shangyin's "Jinse" "Saint Zhuangzi daydreaming, bewitched by butterflies, hoped that the emperor Chun Qing would sing cuckoos. Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathe their jade to the sun. " There are even four allusions, namely "Emperor Shu turned a bird into a butterfly" in Zhuang Zhou, "Tears of Zhu" in Jiao Ren and "Yu Yan" in Lantian, all of which describe the misfortune of life from different aspects through metaphors. Pursuing ideals is like an illusion, with many regrets in the journey of life, always moaning like a cuckoo and always crying like a pearl. The four allusions constitute a gentle artistic conception, which embodies the poet's deep sadness and expresses the poet's anger.
Common allusions
Throw a pen: abandon the text and follow the martial arts: specifically refer to diners. The Great Wall: Soldiers guarding the border
Red bean: a symbol of love or acacia. Loulan: the enemy of the border. Color: originally the name of green gemstone, later it refers to green.
Bend down: Bend down to serve Du Kang: Jiuhuabi: The upright man is wronged by a just cause.
Mi Li: sorry for the rise and fall of the country, sad Hongyan, Yan Shu, Yan Zu,: letters, news.
Sang Yu: refers to the place where the setting sun shines, and later refers to the old age: letters.
Businesswoman: A singer, which was later used as a metaphor for living a drunken life regardless of the survival of the country. Qingluan, Jade Bird: Messenger.
Partridge: Melancholy that makes a situation or mood difficult. Double carp, carp, carp element: letters
Rhododendron: Rendering an atmosphere of sadness or homesickness. Wuliu: Hermit
Dongli, Chrysanthemum Picking: After resigning from office, the pastoral life or leisure feelings lead to a swan: people have ambition.
Insect carving: trivial skills, mostly word skills. Three roads: where hermits live
Coquettish: excellent literary works or literary songs, Acropolis, Yangguan: songs sung at farewell.
Changting, Nanpu and Lu 'an: Farewell to the sunset: feelings of parting or old age.
Shepherd boy: indifference, smoke of country life: wandering after parting, Wu Gou: weapon or courage and pride
Bright moon: homesickness, Qingyun: high status, lonely goose, falling sail, broken rainbow: lonely wanderer.
Violet: high-ranking officials and dignitaries Lilac: sad heart or complicated childhood friends: boys and girls playing together naively.
Cicada singing: sad autumn and blue sky: honest officials falling flowers: hurting spring
Fallen leaves: Autumn dusk: Fear of impending death or infinite historical significance?
Climb over the eaves, walk over the walls alone, return to the eaves and walk over the walls: Lonely Wandering West Building, Wangjiang Building: It's still long and melancholy to send it elsewhere.
Plum: There are many kinds of customs (plum ripens: girls fall in love with spring) (plum rain: long and melancholy)
2. Lenovo (brand name of computer)
The connection between one thing and another thing related to it, or the connection of similar characteristics in things, forms a model.
Jasper dressed as a tree, hanging down ten thousand green silk tapestries. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, but the spring breeze in February is like scissors. "(He Zhangzhi's Liu Yong)"
The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic color, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
Step 3 imagine
On the basis of existing materials and ideas, people create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis.
"The lake is full of moonlight, and there is no windless mirror on the pool surface. Look at the Dongting landscape, there are green snails in the silver plate. " (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting")
This poem chooses the perspective of looking at the moonlit night, and skillfully reproduces the lakes and mountains of Dongting on paper through extremely imaginative description.
4, contrast or contrast: refers to the use of eternal nails to make the characteristics or traits of nails more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining.
"The river of no return, waves scouring, eternal romantic figures. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. " (Su Shi, "Nian Nujiao? The character image of this word is Zhou Yu, but from the beginning of writing "a romantic figure through the ages", it leads to "how many heroes" in Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally focuses on Zhou Yu alone, highlighting Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind.
"In Fuzhou, far away, she was watching the moonlight, looking at it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, unsolved Chang 'an. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . (Du Fu's Moonlit Night) Neck couplets describe the beauty of his wife and reflect the poet's melancholy and painful mood.
Another example is: "The cicada forest is quieter, and the Tonggong Mountain is more secluded", "The birds are startled in the moon and the spring is singing". Dynamic contrast is static contrast.
Exercise: Du Fu's quatrain: "The river blue bird is too white, and the blue and white mountain burns. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " How is the foil technique used?
Set off sadness with joy.
5. Rendering: Describe the environment and scenery in various ways to highlight the image and enhance the artistic effect.
"Apes whimper in the wide sky and the birds return to their nests in the white sand of clear lake" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain) is the first link, and six close-ups appear one after another, rendering the characteristics of Qiujiang scenery.
Another example is Du Fu's Book of Letters: "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. "
This poem was written by the author when he visited the Wuhou Temple of Zhuge Liang in Chengdu for the first time, expressing the poet's reverence and admiration for Zhuge Liang. The first two couplets are about the scenery of Wuhou Temple, which presents a quiet and solemn atmosphere with the scenery of dense cypress, lush green grass and empty orioles, showing the author's deep memory of the sages.
Exercise: Analyze what kind of atmosphere Liu Yuxi rendered in Wuyi Lane.
There are some weeds blooming by the Suzaku Bridge, and there is only sunset at the corner of Wuyi Lane. Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people.
The first two sentences of this poem render a lonely and desolate atmosphere. Weeds and wild flowers along the Suzaku Bridge, which has always been lively, grow and spread, showing that the scene is declining; Wuyi Lane is reflected not only in the background of the dilapidated and desolate ancient bridge, but also in the afterglow of the sunset. This makes a full environmental contrast for the following.
6. Symbol: Use concrete and easy-to-associate images to express concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics. That is to say, with the help of concrete and concrete things, it embodies some kind of spiritual quality or abstract arrangement.
"Castle Peak seems to want to keep people around the county" (Li Deyu's Cliff Climbing City)
These two sentences describe that green hills are surrounded by mountains, and the counties and cities where they are located are being tightly blocked and blocked. It symbolizes the persecution of political opponents and the sorrow of writing.
Symbol is a commonly used technique in poetry, and its main function is to observe the moral integrity of material evidence. For example, "Mei" symbolizes nobility, beauty, elegance and simplicity; "Chrysanthemum" symbolizes nobleness, Ao Shuang and strong resistance to snow, which is called "flower of seclusion"; "Lan Zhi" symbolizes preciousness, loneliness and loftiness; "Peony" symbolizes wealth; Wait a minute. Qu Yuan used "Lan Zhi" to symbolize his fragrance and noble moral integrity. Lu you symbolizes his detachment and strength with "plum blossom" ("symbol? Yongmei "); Wait a minute.
Exercise: Read the following songs to answer the questions.
I didn't find Lu Hongxian at home (anxious)
He moved his home to the city wall and the country road to Sang Ma's residence. The chrysanthemum near the fence has not been seen in autumn.
There was no dog barking at the door, so I asked my neighbors in the west. Report to Dashan and don't return before sunset.
A brief analysis of Chrysanthemum Hedgehog symbolizes the noble character of landing Hung-chien.
7. Contrast: Two different things or situations are compared and compared with each other.
"Goujian king break Wu Gui, soldiers are home. Maid-in-waiting is like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. "(Li Bai's Visit to the Ancient Vietnam)
The first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the coldness and desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's profound historical thinking.
8. Repression: We should talk about both negative aspects and positive aspects, and only emphasize one of them, so as to achieve the purpose of suppressing one to promote the other or suppress the other. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising.
"Boudoir young woman don't know sorrow, spring makeup tall buildings. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " (Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart) This poem adopts the technique of praising first and then restraining. First, it writes that the young woman "doesn't know how to worry" and then says that she "regrets". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, it profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
Another example: Jia Sheng by Li Shangyin. "Propaganda room seeking virtuous visit minister, Jia Sheng tone is incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. "The first two sentences of this poem are written from the front, without any derogatory meaning, as if warmly praising Wendy's thirst for virtue, his open-mindedness and his admiration for Jia Sheng. But after reading the last two sentences, I suddenly realized that the original intention of earnestly seeking talents, asking for advice with an open mind, confiding in one's heart and even "confinement" is not to seek the way of governing the country and reassuring the people, but to "ask ghosts and gods"! What kind of quest is this for saints, and what does it mean to saints? Irony, meanness and deep feelings can't achieve this effect unless they are suppressed.
9. Note: Make necessary answers to what is written in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous.
The Chu River is shrouded in thin rain, and the companion city rings in the dusk. The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly. (Wei's "Farewell to Li Zhou in the Night Rain")
In the first two sentences, the poet stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and took care of the word "send" in the poem title.
10, dynamic and static: the dynamic and static descriptions of things and scenery set off each other and constitute a kind of interest.
The sand-headed bird is silent, and the fish at the stern is whistling. (Du Fu's "Mancheng Yi")
The fourth sentence "dynamic" of fish jumping sets off the "static" of the first three sentences.
1 1, frontal description and brief description: the direct description of the description object is frontal description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent.
"There are thousands of spring branches on a tree, which are softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci). The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description.
"The desert dusty sky is faint, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " (Wang Changling's "Join the Army") The second sentence describes the situation in profile. On the one hand, poetry is very windy, which is convenient for rolling up the red flag and marching in a hurry. On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, highlighting the tension of war.
Exercise: Look at the following poem, where is the positive description and where is the profile description.
(1), the flower in front of the sunset hall is charming, fighting for a small pen to go to bed. Embroidered into a peaceful place in the spring garden, which attracted orioles to plant wicker.
The first two sentences describe people from both static and dynamic aspects. The embroidered screen in the garden is confusing enough, and even the oriole is fooled. The profile description of Huang oriole's paintings enriches the image of poetry and adds touching interest.
(2) Han Yuefu's "Shang Mo Sang" has a bun on its head and a bright moon in its ears. Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt. When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he brushed his mustache. When the boy saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and lowered his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. In spite of resentment, he sat watching Luo Fu.
12, express your mind directly.
Express your feelings on the spot and express the poet's philosophical thinking about natural scenery.
"The mountain covers the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " (Wang Zhihuan's "In the Heron Villa")
The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences directly express the feelings generated in such an environment. The natural situation, the vast weather and the poet's philosophy in front of this scene are integrated.
13, borrow scenery to express emotion, and melt feelings into scenery or marginal scenery.
The thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express are not positive, but completely in the natural scenery in front of him and express his feelings through the natural scenery. Scenery blending is a sign to judge whether classical poetry has artistic conception, and whether it has artistic conception is also a sign to judge whether timely poetry is a masterpiece.
Such as: "The lonely sail is far away and the blue sky is exhausted, only the Yangtze River flows in the sky" (Li Bai's Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou). The figure of the old friend is getting farther and farther, and finally disappears completely. The rolling river is like thinking about friends constantly.
Another example is: Liu Changqing's "From Xiakou to Yingzhou, Looking at Yueyang to Send Yuan Zhongcheng", "There is no ripple in the river, no mist on the island, but the landscape of friends in Chu is blurred. The setting sun sets in Hankou, and birds return to their nests; Autumn eyes in Dongting Lake, misty clouds and distant blue sky. The back hill of Hanyang City, the sound of horns; By the river, you can stay alone at night. That year, Jia Yi wrote to Emperor Wendi, all of whom were worried about the Han Dynasty. It's a pity that he was demoted to Changsha.
Judging from the title of the poem, the author is sailing from the gorge to Nautilus Island, not Changsha. The first part writes about the scenery from Xiakou to Nautilus Island, expressing emotions instantly; In the second couplet, the poet looks at Hankou from afar, and the afterglow of the sunset reflects the lakes and mountains where his friend Yuan Zhongcheng lives. In the blink of an eye, the prospect of Sanlian looks at Hanyang City across the river, with its back against the tortoise, the autumn wind rustling and the horn whimpering. This poem mainly expresses the bitterness of being demoted by describing the scenery of the journey, and also expresses sympathy and comfort for Yuan Zhongcheng who was demoted like himself. The scenery in this poem is lyrical. The author uses Qiu Jiang, sunset, lonely boat, lonely tree, lonely city and night to highlight the desolation of the journey and express his grief and indignation. In the last two sentences, Jia Yi's metaphor for Yuan Zhongcheng is also a self-metaphor, which shows that both of them are as unfortunate as Jia Yi.
Exercise: Analyze the expression of the following poem.
[Double Tone] Qingjiang Silver Ball Zhang Huai Carved Wine.
Zephyr came to Wan Li and asked me if I would come back. Wild geese crow in red leaves, people get drunk in yellow flowers, and banana rains in Qiu Meng.
A: The poet firmly grasped the meaning of the topic and painted a bleak autumn scenery with west wind, wild geese, red leaves, yellow flowers, plantains and the sound of rain. And because of the arrival of the "west wind", it is related to the uncertainty of "return date"; Because of The Sound of Banana Rain, I was worried about fame and fortune, tossing and turning. Every sentence is a description of the scenery, and every sentence is the unity of lyricism, emotion and scenery.
14, support things and express your heart
Expressing one's will by holding things is an artistic technique for the author to express his personal thoughts by means of symbolic meaning of things, also called expressing feelings by things. Expressing poetry with things is also called writing poetry with things. On the basis of trying to describe things, we should integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind.
"There are thousands of spring branches on a tree, which are softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in Yongfeng Xiyuan all day? " (Bai Juyi's "Yang Liuzhi Ci") expresses his ambition by holding things, and writes that Liu is left alone in a deserted garden, expressing the feeling that talents are buried.
Another example is: first frost Small Horn Plum and Lilian in Thousand Frosts, Bitter and Cold Mill by Song Dynasty. Lai Tiansheng is thin and hard, muddy and not afraid, and his horns are blown through. I don't know the shadow, but I know the moon. Yuan did not, how * * *, Haitang said that Mei's "hard" and "clear" were indomitable and spotless, which really reflected the poet himself.
The moral of supporting things is to hide thoughts in personal external things. In fact, "ambition" and "will" are often the same thing, which can be understood as thoughts and feelings, ideals and aspirations, opinions and opinions, etc. In the articles of poetry appreciation, there are many sayings of "expressing one's will by supporting things". The "meaning" of the token is more implicit.
Such as: Su Shi's "Waiting for the Platform": "The moon and the Lord are in this period, and the low-rise households reflect Emei. Only last night was sober, and I gradually felt that the ice wheel was late to go to sea. " The last two songs are about the natural law of loss due to fullness. The full moon brings infinite beauty and joy to the world, but it is a perfect beginning. The poet stood for a long time, looking at the sea, waiting for the slowly rising ice moon, and his heart could not help but feel faint sadness. Calling the moon an "ice wheel" shows the smoothness and purity of the moon, and at the same time it is slightly cold. At this time, the poet's official fall, probably with the bright moon rising slowly at sea, emerged in the turbulent mind like waves. Reading such a poem with profound meaning requires a considerable understanding of the poet's life, experience and even creative style, otherwise it is difficult to grasp its meaning.