1. The status of Su Shi’s poems in history
Su Shi’s poems have a very high status in history
There are about 4,000 Su Shi poems in existence. It is vast and has various styles, but it is mainly bold and unrestrained, with vertical and horizontal strokes, endless changes, and romantic color, which opened up a new path for the development of Song poetry. Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "Su Shi's poems have opened up a realm unprecedented in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, and they are all inspired by the writing." Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry Talk" said: "Take text as poetry , starting from Changli, to Dongpo, he became more and more eloquent, opened up new perspectives, and became a grand view of the generation... Especially those who are unreachable, they are born with a strong pen, as refreshing as a sad pear, and they can be cut quickly. There is a hidden secret that must be reached, and it is not difficult to reveal it. This is why he became a great poet after Li and Du, but he is not as good as Li and Du because of this. "His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors, and have a unique style in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of their luxury and arrogance. Ci Kai is bold and unrestrained, which has a great influence on future generations. "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou·Bingchen Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely recited. Poems include "Seven Collections of Dongpo" and so on. There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi in existence, which break through the narrow themes of love and separation between men and women and have broad social content. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese poetry. He expanded the spirit of the Northern Song Dynasty's poetry innovation movement to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional Ci style since the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and created the Bold Ci School that stood side by side with the Graceful School. He expanded the subject matter of Ci and enriched the artistic conception of Ci. It broke through the boundaries of poetry in Shizhuang and made a significant contribution to the innovation and development of poetry. His famous works include "Nian Nujiao", "Shui Diao Ge Tou", etc. He pioneered the bold style of poetry and was known as "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng said in the "Preface to Xin Jiaxuan's Ci": "When the words reach the east slope, they are upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi's style of writing can be divided into three categories:
1. Bold style
This is the ideal style that Su Shi deliberately pursued. He integrates abundant, passionate and even slightly sad emotions into his words, and writes about people with generous and heroic images and grand and majestic scenes;
2. Broad-minded style
This is the style of poetry that best represents Su Shi's thoughts and personality. It expresses the poet's desire to live in seclusion, avoid troubled times, and look forward to peace.
3. Graceful style
The number of Su Shi’s graceful words occupies an absolutely large proportion in the total number of his words. These words are pure and profound in emotion, healthy and lofty in style, and are also a reflection of traditional gracefulness. A kind of inheritance and development of words. In July 1079, when Su Shi took office in Huzhou, he was convicted and imprisoned for the Wutai Poetry Case. In January of the following year, he was exiled to Huangzhou. Before the Shi case, Su Shi had successively served as magistrate of Mizhou, prefect of Xuzhou and prefect of Huzhou since he was appointed magistrate of Hangzhou in 1071, with outstanding political achievements. The overall style of his poetry works is that of a long day in the desert, while the content mostly points to official life to express political pride. After the Poetry Case, although he became a Hanlin scholar for a period of time, his works lacked the boldness and elegance of Jun, Yao and Shun. Instead, he turned more and more to nature and the understanding of life. As for his exile in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind became more obvious. Inheriting the style of Huangzhou period works, he restrained his life's thoughts and moved things around to achieve a state of tranquility. Taking the Wutai Poetry Case as a boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going back" complex that runs throughout, we see that the poet's writing style gradually changes from the boyish sighing for no reason, to the helplessness of middle age and the broad-mindedness of old age - getting older and more mature, which leads to dullness. First of all, in terms of subject matter, the early works mainly reflected Su Shi's "specific political worries", while the later works focused on the "broad worries of life", hating evil as much as hatred, and when encountering evil, "like a fly on the stage" , just spit it out." His flowing works triggered the Wutai Poetry Case. Huangzhou's relegated life made him "the harshness of satire, the sharpness of his writing, as well as his tension and anger, all disappeared. What appeared in their place was a kind of radiant warmth, kindness and tolerance. Mellow and mature, Thorough and profound." Secondly, in terms of culture, Confucianism was respected in the early period, while Taoism and Buddhism were respected in the later period. In the early stage, he had the social responsibility advocated by Confucianism, and he was deeply concerned about the suffering of the people; in the later stage, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to gain religious relief. He was deeply inspired by the Buddhist teaching that "the ordinary mind is the Tao" and lived a real farmer's life in Huangzhou, Huizhou, Danzhou and other places, and enjoyed it. Thirdly, in terms of style, the early works are majestic and unrestrained, like floods breaking through embankments and rushing thousands of miles; while the later works are ethereal, timeless, simple and light, like the fragrance of deep willows and white pear blossoms. As far as lyrics are concerned, looking at Su Shi's more than 300 lyrics, there are only a few works that are truly bold and bold. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works account for about one-tenth of all Su Shi's lyrics, and most of them are concentrated. In Xuzhou, Miss., it was the mainstream of creation during that period. Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they truly reflect Su Shi's mentality of actively pursuing official career during that period. Some of the later works not only have the style of local customs, but also entertain the guests, and are beautiful and charming. Such as chanting about objects and romance, describing travels and scenery, feeling nostalgic about the past, giving and leaving farewells, pastoral scenery, talking about Zen and reasoning, they are almost all-encompassing and colorful. And this part accounts for about nine out of ten of Su Shi's poems, and there is a strong sense of Zhuangzi turning into a butterfly and forgetting everything.
At this point, he has expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical roars, and needle-point criticism. Its subject matter becomes wider and wider, and its style becomes more and more plain and far-reaching. 2. What is Su Shi’s main contribution to Ci
Su Shi’s Ci Collection "Dongpo Yuefu" also contains many euphemistic poems, such as "Jiangchengzi" (Ten Years of Life and Death), "Dielian" "Flowers" (the flowers have faded to red, green and apricots are small), "Congratulations to the Bridegroom? Breast Swallows Flying in the Flowery House", etc. are all exquisite and graceful masterpieces.
Su Shi had many disciples, among whom Chao Buzhi, Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian, and Zhang Lei were the most famous, known as "the four scholars of the Su family." Su Shi's main contributions are concentrated in two aspects: first, he The unique vision of essayists and poets further "incorporates poetry into words", making the words prose or poetic, achieving the effect of swaying and relaxing.
For example, "Look closely" in "Water Dragon Song". "Come, it's not Yanghua, it's dots, leaving people in tears", "I wonder if Lingnan should be good?" in "Ding Fengbo". But he said: This is my hometown where I feel at ease." In "Niannujiao", "I remember the time when Gongjin was married for the first time, and Xiao Qiao was majestic and heroic", etc., etc., etc., etc. Secondly, the scope of subject matter is further expanded, and all the works are in this category. He included all the themes that could appear in prose into his poems to express his ambitions and emotions about life.
For example, "Niannujiao? Chibi Nostalgia", "Shui Diao Ge Tou? Bingchen Mid-Autumn Festival", "Niannujiao?" "Jiang Chengzi? Mizhou Chusi" and so on, are all masterpieces of heroic generosity and great ambition. 3. Historical evaluation of Su Shi's Ci Ci
Wang Guowei, a master of modern Chinese studies, praised Su Shi: " Among the poets of the third generation or below, there are no poets more than Qu Zi, Yuan Ming, Zimei and Zizhan. If these four sons do not have literary genius, their personalities will be self-sufficient for the ages. Therefore, it is almost impossible to have a noble and great personality but to have noble and great articles. "
Wang Guoxian commented on Su Shi in "Revisiting Danxian Chronicles", "With the teachings of poetry, etiquette and music, he transformed his customs and changed his people's hearts. The moving scales and the sound of Sheng bells in the valleys create a poetic realm in the southern wilderness. "
Dong Qichang wrote a famous postscript: "Mr. Dongpo's poem is a change of Chu Sao; this book is a change of 'Lanting'. This is the ultimate rule for Song people's writing. "This is the most profound and noble evaluation of Su Shi's "Red Cliff Ode" and his calligraphy.
Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poems is unprecedented in ancient and modern times. All things in the world, laughing and cursing, are all inspired by the writing. "
Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry Talk" said: "Using text as poetry, starting from Changli, to Dongpo, he began to express his wild words, which was unique and became a great view of the generation. ...especially those who are unreachable. They are born with a strong pen, as refreshing as a mourning pear, can be cut quickly and have hidden feelings that must be reached, and no difficult feelings to show. This is why they are the successors of Li and Du, but they are not as good as Li. , Du Chu is also here. "
Liu Chenweng's "Xin Jiaxuan Ci Preface" said: "When the words reach the east slope, they are upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth. " 4. Su Shi's words
Zhaojun complained about who made Huanyi's three lanes, which shocked the dream in the green window.
The new moon and the mist of sorrow filled the sky over the river. I want to leave but can't yet. Go, the catkins are flying in the sunset, and the water is flowing eastward. The spring moon is in the spring garden, and the light is dancing.
In the cloister, the half-fallen plum blossoms are fragrant. The light clouds and mist are always a place for young people to enjoy themselves. The person in the leakage is still at first.
Sometimes I see lonely people coming and going, and I look back when I am startled.
I pick up all the cold branches and refuse to rest on them. , the maple falls on the Wujiang River. Visit the Qishui Qingquan Temple in Huanxi Sands. The temple is near the Lanxi River.
The orchid buds at the foot of the mountain are soaked in the stream, and there is no mud on the sandy road among the trees.
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Who knows that there is no shortage of water in front of the door? I will sing the yellow chicken with white hair. Five poems written on the Xie Yu Road in Xumen, Huanxi.
The sun shines deep. Fish are seen when it is red and warm, and crows are hidden in the dark green stream.
Although the elk are not used to meeting people, the apes do not need to call when they hear the drum. .
Wearing red makeup to see the envoys, the thorny fence gates are broken by each other.
The old and the young are helping to harvest the wheat, and the black kites are flying. Saishen Village. There is a drunken old man lying down at dusk.
There are also layers of hemp leaves and the fragrance of cocoons in the village.
The white sticks and quinoas lift up the drunken eyes, and pound the green leaves to soften the hungry intestines.
When the bean leaves will turn yellow, jujube flowers are falling on the clothes, and the old willows in oxen clothes are heard in the south and north of the village. Selling cucumbers.
The road is long and sleepy. The people in Rigao are thirsty and want to drink tea.
The grass is soft and the sand is fresh after the rain. The road is dust-free.
The sun is warm and the mulberry trees are shining, and the wind is like smoke of mugwort.
Huanxi Sha is here. The mountains are covered with hazy clouds, and the wind in Xiangchuan River is still blowing away cold flowers. There are still crows in the distant forest houses.
I dream of how far away I am from my hometown. I wake up and look south to the horizon. The bright moon shines on the flat sand thousands of miles away.
The meaning of Huanxi Sand is that no one is near the roof of the house, and the late rain is falling off the catalpa trees. Who pities Ji Zi's Diaoqiu?
I have no hope in this world anymore, so I think you must ask the ancients for help. The cold pines and cypresses are willing to start autumn.
Huanxisha Immediately The painted falcon is happy to swim across the river again, and the old fish jumps over the threshold to recognize the green fish. The fleeting years are not willing to be wasted.
There is no despair beside the yellow chrysanthemum fence, but there is gentleness in Baiyun Township. Don’t teach Xiu to save his frosty temples.
The moon on the Xijiang River is in Huangzhou, walking on the Qishui River on a spring night. Go to a restaurant to drink and get drunk.
Riding the moon to a bridge over a stream, he untied his saddle and bent his arms, then he lay down drunk to rest for a while. It's already known.
The mountains are crowded together and the flowing water is sonorous, which seems to be otherworldly. This sentence is written on the bridge pillar.
The light waves in the wild are shining, and the sky is faintly visible across the sky. The barrier of mud has not been resolved, and the arrogance of Jade Cong has not yet been solved. I want to get drunk and sleep on the fragrant grass.
It’s a pity that if a stream of wind and moon blows, don’t teach me to crush Qiong Yao. Undressing the saddle and pillowing on the green poplar bridge, Du Yu heard the spring dawn.
Xijiang Moon, heavy nine, drizzle on the roof of the building, heavy on the flat lake outside the river. Back then, there was a horse show in Dongxu, but now Nanpu is desolate.
Don’t hate the yellow flowers before they vomit, and teach the red flowers to support them. There is no need to look at the dogwood in the wine stall, but to admire the present and past of the world.
Ruan Lang returns in early summer. Green locust trees and tall willows swallow new cicadas, and the scented wind begins to blow. The heavy smoke washes away under the green screen window, and the sound of chess frightens people who sleep in the daytime.
After the light rain, the lotuses turned over and the pomegranate flowers bloomed. The jade basin is clear from the spring with delicate hands, and the pearls are broken but round.
A young man’s travel in Runzhou, a gift for others. We saw each other off last year. Outside Yuhang's gate, the snow was falling like poplar flowers.
Spring is over this year, and the poplar flowers are like snow, but they still haven’t returned home. The wine rolling curtain invites the bright moon, and the wind reveals the window screen.
Just like [Nü Gen]'e pities the two swallows, they shine brightly and paint the beams slantingly. In the Partridge Sky, there are broken forests, bright bamboos and hidden walls, and small ponds with scattered cicadas and decayed grass.
I can see birds from time to time when I turn over the blank page, and the red sprouts in the water are fragrant. Outside the village, next to the ancient city, the staff slowly turned towards the setting sun.
It rained in the middle of the night last night, and it was cool all day long. Poppy has a beautiful hall to tell the story of ancient times. Lakes and mountains are believed to be beautiful in the southeast, and they can be seen thousands of miles away.
How many times can you get back? Then he was drunk and wandering around. When the lights are first turned on in Shahe Pond, who sings the water tune?
At night, when the wind is calm and I am about to return, there is only a bright moon and blue glass over the river. Nanxiangzi wrote about the ancient times. Looking back, the mountains are in chaos, but the people there are nowhere to be seen, only the city.
Who looks like the towers and pavilions on Linping Mountain, welcoming and seeing off guests from the west. The evening breeze on the way home is clear, and I cannot dream of sleeping in the cold weather.
Tonight, where the residual lamp shines slantingly, there is a glowing light, and the tears are not clear when the autumn rain is clear. Nan Xiangzi's plum blossom poems and Yang Yuan Yuan.
The sparse hedgerow is full of cold birds, vying to hug the cold birds to see the jade buds. Suddenly I saw a guest coming and sitting under the flowers. I was startled and flew away. I scattered the beauty and fell into the wine.
He drinks heavily and can write poems, and all the guests will not know if he is drunk. The flowers have faded and the wine has faded. Spring has arrived. Lili. A little sourness has already grown on the branches.
Nan Xiangzi’s Narrative: A cool mat with a green gauze kitchen, a pillow of cool breeze, and the rest of the day. I went to bed and listened to the fact that there was nothing going on in the evening office. I slowly read through the books by the bedside.
I scratch my head and return to my hometown, feeling that I am lazy and careless about my fame. If you ask about your talents and skills, how about it? It is foolish to occupy the world.
Nanxiangzi Chongjiu Hanhui Tower is presented to Xu Junyou. The traces of frost and precipitation are gone, and the light green scales are exposed in the distant continent. The wine is fading, the wind is soft and whistling, the hat is worn but the head is sentimental.
If the festival is a reward, it will be the end of autumn. Everything is just a dream in the end, just rest, the yellow flowers and butterflies will be worried tomorrow.
Drunk and desolate, leaving Jingkou. The clouds are light and the moon is light, the second watch is sober and the boat is starting to set off. The lonely city looks back at the mist.
Remember the time of singing, not the time of return. The towel fell off the fan and the rattan bed was slippery, and I felt a deep dream with no one to talk about.
When will the wandering of this life stop? My home is in the southwest, and my hometown is in the southeast.
Ding the storm It rained on Shahu Road on March 7th. The rain gear went first, and everyone in the group was in a panic, but I didn't realize it.
It’s already clear, so I wrote this word on purpose. Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest, why not scream and walk slowly.
Bamboo sticks and mango shoes are easier than horses, who is afraid? A coop of mist and rain will last a lifetime. The steep spring breeze blows away the drunkenness, it is slightly cold, but the mountain tops are shining slantingly.
Looking back at the desolate place where I have always been, there is neither wind, rain nor sunshine when I return. Ding Feng Bo returned from the South China Sea as a gift to Wang Dingguo's servant Yu Niang. I often envy the jade man in the world, and the heaven should beg for the sweet lady.
As the wind blows, the clear song spreads to the white teeth, the snow flies and the sea of ??flames becomes cool. After returning from thousands of miles away, my face becomes less and less beautiful, and my smile still carries the fragrance of plum blossoms.
I asked if Lingnan was not good, but he said: This place where I feel at ease is my hometown. The flowers of Butterfly Love Flower faded to red, green and apricot.
When the swallows fly, green water surrounds people. There are few willow trees blowing on the branches, and there is no fragrant grass anywhere in the world! There is a swing inside the wall and a road outside the wall.
Peders outside the wall, beautiful women inside the wall smile. The laughter gradually becomes quieter and quieter, but the sentimental one is annoyed by the ruthlessness.
Dielianhua, Shangyuan, Mizhou, lights on Qiantang for three or five nights. The bright moon is like frost, illuminating people like a picture.
The incense of sheng is blown under the tent and the smell of musk deer is breathtaking. This flavor should be priceless. People in lonely mountain towns are old.
Beating drums and playing flute, he suddenly entered the Nongsang Society. The fire is cold, the lamp is thin, the frost is dew, and the snowy clouds are dimly hanging in the wild.
Die Lianhua I remember the first time we met on the painting screen. The sweet dream came back with a start, and I looked across Gaotang Road.
Swallows fly back and forth, and the screen window has several spring twilights. That day, where we met with embroidered curtains, we lowered our eyes and pretended to walk, and smiled to make up the fragrant clouds.
I am so shy that I cannot say a word in front of others. Linjiang Fairy Returns to Lingao at Night After drinking at Dongpo at night, he wakes up drunk again, and returns as if at midnight.
The boy’s breath was thundering. No knocking on the door. 5. Select a few poems that clarify Su Shi’s thoughts and analyze them.
Reflect Su Shi’s outlook on life: “Ding Feng Bo·Don’t Hear the Sound of Beating Leaves in the Forest” was created by Su Shi in 1082 AD. It Through encountering wind and rain in the wild, a small thing in life, we can see the profound meaning in simplicity, and create wonders in ordinary places, showing a broad-minded and detached mind, and embodying extraordinary and transcendent ideals of life. Although this word is short in length, its artistic conception is profound. It is rich in content and worth pondering. This word interprets the author's life beliefs and shows the author's spiritual pursuit. Preface to Ding Feng Bo On March 7, it rained on the Shahu Road. The rain gear went first, and everyone in the group was in a panic. I was alone. I feel it's clear now, so I did this on purpose. Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest. Why not scream and walk slowly? The bamboo stick and awning shoes are lighter than the horse, who is afraid? A misty rain is left in the sky. The cold spring breeze blows the drunkenness, and it is slightly cold, but the mountain tops are shining slantingly. Looking back to the desolate place, there is neither wind, rain nor sunshine. It embodies Su Shi's view of history: "Niannujiao·Red Cliff Nostalgia" is It is a representative work of the Bold and Unconstrained Song Dynasty. The main melody of the poem is emotional and majestic. The whole poem expresses feelings through ancient times, integrating description of scenery, chanting history, and expressing emotions. It uses chanting history to express the author's emotion of actively joining the world but still failing to achieve anything even after half a century. .The original lyrics are very popular and will not be cited here. They reflect Su Shi’s view of love: "Butterflies in Love with Flowers·Spring Scenery" is an excellent poem written by Su Shi. There is no consensus on when it was written. , Huangzhou, Dingzhou, Huizhou period, etc., but there is no clear evidence, so it is impossible to examine in detail today. As a pioneer of the bold style of Song poetry, Su Shi created many well-known bold style poems in his life. It is easy to People mistakenly think that all Su's poems are bold and bold, but from the overall point of view, Su's poems are graceful and graceful. This poem is one of them. In this poem, the author expresses his feelings about Can Hong's retirement. The description of the late spring scenery with the fading spring spirit and the frustrated mood during the long journey, in the name of cherishing the sadness of spring, expresses the author's regret for the passing of time, the lamentation of the ups and downs of the officialdom, and the helplessness of the ups and downs of life. The faded flowers are red and green. The apricots are small. When the swallows are flying, the green water is surrounded by people. There are few willow trees blowing on the branches. There is no fragrant grass anywhere in the world! There is a swing in the wall and a road outside the wall. Pedestrians outside the wall, the beautiful lady inside the wall laughs. The laughter gradually disappears and becomes quieter, and the passion is ruthlessly annoyed. It embodies Su Shi's view of fame and fame: "Jiangchengzi·Hunting in Mizhou" was written by Su Shi in 1075 AD ( A poem written in the winter of the eighth year of Xining (the eighth year of Xining reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty) is an earlier work among Su Shi's heroic poems. In the poem, the author expresses the political proposition of a strong country to resist the enemy, and expresses the ambition and pride of eager to serve the imperial court. The full poem " "Crazy" attitude is clearly revealed; although there is no lack of generosity and anger, the atmosphere is magnificent, contrary to the weak style of the poem, full of masculine beauty. The old man chats with his hair (fā) The young man is crazy, holding the yellow on the left and Qingqing on the right (qíng) Cang. Jin ( jǐn) Hat Diao (diāo) Qiu (qiú), Qianqi (jì) Juan (juǎn) Pinggang. In order to (wèi) report the allure of the city, he followed the prefect, shot the tiger himself, and watched Sun Lang. After drinking, his chest and courage were still open, and his temples ( bìn) A little frost, so what’s the problem? In the cloud of Chijie, when will Feng Tang be sent? He would pull the carved bow like a full moon, look northwest, and shoot the wolf. It reflects Su Shi's view on people's livelihood: The poem "Huanxi Sand" was written by Su Shi when he was 43 years old when he was the prefect of Xuzhou. In the spring of 1078 AD (the first year of Yuanfeng), a serious disaster occurred in Xuzhou During the drought, Su Shi, as a local official, once led his people to Shitan, twenty miles east of the city, to pray for rain. After it rained, he and the people went to Shitan to thank the rain. Su Shi wrote a poem on the way to Shitan, Xumen to thank the rain. "Huanxi Sand", ***5 poems. The work describes his experiences and feelings in the countryside. It is artistically ingenious. The words start from typical things commonly seen in rural areas, and express the honest rural flavor in an interesting way. Here is the fourth poem: Jujube flowers are rustling on clothes and towels, reeling wheels are ringing in the south and north of the village. Cows and old willows are selling cucumbers. I am sleepy after a long road because of wine, and people who are thirsty in the sun are thinking about tea. I knock on the door and ask the wild people. 6. Discuss Su Shi’s historical contribution to the development of Ci with examples
Ci is an emerging metrical poetry style that was born from the combination of poetry and music with the spread of Yan music in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
It has the dual attributes of both music and poetry. The combination of poetry and music, with music clearly playing a dominant role in its early days.
From the Five Dynasties to Liu Yong, the lyrics were Yanke, the lyrics were based on the rhythm of association, the meaning was based on euphemism, and the lyrics were attached to the music. When the author wants to write lyrics, he must first adjust the rhythm of the song and the sound into the tune.
By the time of Su Shi, poetry gradually separated from music and became "reciting without singing". In particular, Su Shi's "poetry as words", from the perspective of the origin of words and poetry, strives to get rid of the shackles of melody on words, change the style of words, liberate the style of words, open up the realm of words, improve the character of words, and make words more popular. Ci got rid of its vassal status and became a great power, becoming an independent lyric poetry style.
The artistic characteristics of Su Shi's "poetry as words" are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, the expansion of the context of words.
Su Shi innovated the style of poetry, continuously expanded the content and themes, and broke through the old barrier of "Yan Ke" in poetry, moving his poetry from "between flowers" and "Zun Qian" to a broad social life.
Su Shi not only wrote about traditional themes such as the love between men and women, the hatred of parting, and the sorrow of traveling, but also used poets to write about nostalgia for the past, lamenting the times, chanting about things, mourning the death of friends, and living in exile. Themes and content such as talking about Zen, chanting history and traveling to immortals, farming and village scenes, reasoning and discussing politics are all included in the creative field of Ci. Anyone who can be a poet can be included in Ci, and Ci has reached the point where "no intention can be included, and nothing can be said" ("Art") "About") situation. The poetry of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty had narrow themes and poor content.
In Su Shi’s view, the realm of poetry’s expression is the unrestrained freedom of sea and sky. Since poetry is like this, words, which are the descendants of poetry, should also be like this.
Therefore, he was dissatisfied that people at that time used "Yanke" as a rope to impose various constraints on the classification of Ci. Many themes and contents that people at the time thought should be expressed in poems were incorporated into his poems one by one, completely breaking through the prison of "Yanke" in poems and liberating them from the narrow barriers of lovesickness, nostalgia, and separation. , leading to a broad social life.
It opened up an infinitely broad artistic world for the creation of Song poetry and gave fresh blood and vitality to the poetry. The second is the reform of Ci style.
Su Shi broke the traditional concept of "Shizhuang Ci Mei", swept away the old habits, and wrote lyrics with fresh and elegant words, bold and vigorous writing power and a unique atmosphere, making the lyrics seem like "Carrying the spirit of the wind and waves on the sea" ("Flowers and Grass"), the style is mostly vigorous and vigorous, passionate and exciting, forming a style of poetry similar to the style of Su Shi. For example, in [Eight Sounds of Ganzhou] "the sentimental wind is rolling thousands of miles away", and the writing style is like "the sudden snow-capped mountains are rolling in from the ground" ("Yin'an hand-approved Dongpo Ci" Su Shi not only used poetic syntax to enter the lyrics, but also absorbed many poems and poems) Vocabulary is based on both historical biography and spoken language, breaking through the melody constraints of words in order to more fully express the meaning, so that words are written for literature, not just for songs.
Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, words have been in great demand. The style is mainly soft and graceful. From Wen Tingyun to Liu Yong, many lyrics written by many poets during this period are also divided into elegant and vulgar, but the overall style of poetry tends to be graceful, and the content and form of the words are both different. Attached to music.
Su Shi was quite dissatisfied with this. He broke through the melody constraints of words and introduced poetic style into the words, promoting the pursuit of pure literature in the content and form of words.
This important change is the beginning of the literary life of Ci being more important than the musical life, which greatly improves the expressive power of Ci.
Third. , the styles are diverse. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, Ci has been based on elegance and has a single style.
Su Shi believed that the style of Ci should not be partial to elegance, but should be both strong and soft like poetry. Colorful and brilliant. Su Shi was extremely dissatisfied with the gaudy and feminine style that permeated the Ci Garden, so he established another sect besides Liu Yong and Wanyue Ci School, and became the outstanding founder of the Bold Ci School in the Song Dynasty.
But Su Shi's poems are not only majestic, but also change according to the situation, showing a variety of styles. For example, "Butterfly Loves Flowers" (the flowers have faded to red, green and apricots are small), which writes about the laughter of a beautiful woman that stirs the wall. The spring sorrow outside is charming and moving, and it is solemn and honest in its sincerity and delicacy.
Wang Shizhen's "Flowers and Grass" commented: "I am afraid that the relationship between farming and the love will not be able to survive. Who is the other?" But the interpretation is "The Great Jiangdong Goes"? "Creating a bold style is indeed an important aspect of Su Shi's innovative style of writing, but the purpose and achievements of his innovative style of writing are not limited to this. Su Shi's innovation of style is not simply against elegance. , but to change the situation where the graceful style dominates the Ci world, so that the style of Ci can develop from unity to diversification, forming a situation where graceful, bold, Qingli, Shaoxiu, Kuangyuan and other styles coexist and flourish.
Fourth, he used poetry to describe emotions. He injected the emotions and interests of scholar-bureaucrats into his poems, and combined them with the popular literary and artistic forms favored by the people.
Developed the lyrical function of the poem, made it have independent literary value beyond Hele singing, improved the taste of the poem, and enhanced the vitality of the poem.
In addition, he also learned from people. It is based on the emotional needs of the people, and its main purpose is to reflect the subject's temperament. This is different from the utilitarian nature of traditional poetry, and it is based on the actual literary life and lyrics creation of ordinary scholar-officials.
In summary, Su Shi advocated the poeticization of Ci and carried out a series of innovations in the fields of subject matter, content, style, lyrical function and usage, which can be summarized. For one aspect: that is, focusing on, developing, and enhancing the literary attributes of Ci, so that Ci can get rid of its subordinate status of being attached to music and return to poetry.
This will inevitably involve another aspect of the problem: how to treat the musical attributes of words? Su Shi advocated the poeticization of words and paid attention to the literary attributes of words, not ignoring the musical attributes of words. However, Su Shi's emphasis on the musical attributes of lyrics does not mean that he is unswervingly abiding by the melody of the music. When the strict requirements of the music's melody conflict with the need to express the literary meaning of the lyrics, the dual attributes of the lyrics will be weighed. He often puts more emphasis on the literary attributes of words rather than being strictly bound by music.
Su Shi's approach was ridiculed by some scholars who emphasized the emphasis on rhythm at that time and later.
"Wang Zhifang's Poetry Talk" ("Tiaoxi Yuyincong Talk") says: "Dongpo tried to show that he was not responsible for his poems, and Wen Qian said: "How about traveling less?" Both of them said: "The poems about traveling less are like traveling less. "Mr.'s small words are like poetry."
'" What is said here is that "Mr.'s small words are like poetry" is not a compliment. What is even more direct and pointed is Chen Shidao's "Houshan Poetry Talk" which says: "Retreat to writing.