Brief introduction of poet Du Fu
Du Fu (7 12 February 12 -770) was a realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. His works are famous for social realism. Although Du Fu was not famous before his death, his works ultimately had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature.
There are about 65,438+0,500 poems by Du Fu, and the collection of works is Du Gongbu. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are also called "the history of poetry".
Why is Du Fu called "Poet Saint"
Du Fu, a social poet, takes the rise and fall of politics, social unrest, war corvee, hunger and poverty, and the disparity between the rich and the poor as his themes, which are extensive in content, rich in times and realistic. Du Fu's poems are good at describing the historical situation at that time and reflecting the present situation of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, so they are called "the history of poetry". From the Anshi Rebellion to entering Shu, Du Fu experienced great turmoil and wrote a lot of realistic works. In his representative works, many realistic works, such as Two Ways, reflect the luxury of the upper class.
Because Du Fu's poems are full of caring for people and things and strong patriotic feelings, he makes good use of reason to carefully observe the reality of life and society, understands people's sufferings and joys from his own life experience, has a strong political consciousness, and inherits and carries forward the realistic spirit of The Book of Songs, Han Yuefu folk songs and Jian 'an literature, so he is known as a "poet saint".
What are the representative works of the poet?
There are more than 1400 poems written by Du Fu, the sage of poetry. Poetry writing can be divided into four periods:
Reading roaming period (before the age of 35):
Du Fu traveled to Wu, Yue (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Qi and Zhao (now northern Shandong and southern Hebei), during which he went to Luoyang to take office. Later, I met Li Bai in Luoyang. They forged a deep friendship and gave Li Bai a poem. "Yu Yidong is a guest, he is like a brother." It is a kind of enjoyment to sleep under the autumn quilt and hold hands with Japanese counterparts. After meeting Gao Shi, the three went with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to Jizhou again and met at the east foot after breaking up. Unfortunately, due to the ups and downs of their later lives, they didn't have a chance to meet again after this separation.
Trapped in Chang 'an (35-44 years old):
Du Fu came first and last in Chang 'an. Later, he gave gifts to the emperor and nobles. He only got a little financial support, and lived a life of "detaining the rich in the morning, following the fat horse dust at dusk, leaving broken cups for cold roasting and hiding worries everywhere". "However, he often sends meals to people", and finally he got a small official who led the government to join the army. During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.
During the period when the thief was arrested as an official (45 to 48 years old):
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu abandoned his family and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Ai Jiangtou and Sad Chen Tao. Later, he fled to Fengxiang and became a scavenger. Because of the suggestion, Shangshu was demoted to be the prime minister of joining the army. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Wandering southwest (48-59 years old):
With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled to Chengdu with his family via Qin Zhou and Tonggu. With the help of Yanwu, he lived a relatively stable life. When he entered the DPRK, Shao Yin and the warlords in the middle of Shu learned about the uprising, and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. Then go back to Chengdu. After Yanwu's death, he drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to the same lake and died on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include Heart on the Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Orange, Climbing the Building, Shuxiang, The Yellow River was Recovered by the Imperial Army, Showing the Waves Again, Ascending the Mountain, Qiu Xing, Three Jueju and Sui Yan.
Anecdotal allusions
Angry at the royal family
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it was a great country in the world at that time. However, in this seemingly powerful country, signs of collapse have been breeding for many reasons, such as collusion. Finally, the Tang Dynasty quickly turned to the turning point of reversing the verdict-"An Shi Rebellion". When Du Fu learned of this situation, he felt that those in power only cared about their own enjoyment and ignored people's livelihood, which would definitely lead to the demise of the country. So he wrote a poem that was later selected into the famous anthology "300 Tang Poems" with indignation, that is, a seven-character long poem named "The Second Way". This poem has become a veritable "epic" because of its bold satire and profound exposure of the Yang family's extravagant life. Moreover, people have also summed up an idiom "spicy" from it, which is used to indicate that the first-class goods are arrogant and powerful.
The influence of later generations
His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. Du Fu's poems have various styles. Besides Five Ancient Poems, Seven Ancient Poems and Five Laws and Seven Laws, he also wrote a lot of rhymes and styles and used various artistic techniques. He is a master of the thought and art of Tang poetry.
Du Fu inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, and got rid of the shackles of Yuefu's ancient themes, creating many new Yuefu themes, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and others hold Du Fu in high esteem, while Wen Tianxiang regards Du Fu's poems as the spiritual strength to stick to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..
Du Fu did not get much praise and attention during his lifetime and several years after his death, partly because of his innovation in style and meter. Some critics think that some of his works are still bold and eccentric. There is little information about his life, only six poets *** 1 1 poems. Moreover, these poems did not mention that he was a model of poetry and ethics.
In the ninth century, his works became famous, and the early positive comments came from Bai Juyi, who popularized some ethical viewpoints in Du Fu's works, although he only found these viewpoints in some of Du Fu's works. Besides Bai Juyi, there is Han Yu, who wrote articles to refute the voices against Du Li and defend their aesthetic status. At the same time, the poems of these two poets have the shadow of Du Fu's poems. As William Hung said, Du Fu is "the only poet in China who keeps pace with the times".
/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Wei Zhuang, a former poet of Shu Five Dynasties, discovered the former site of the thatched cottage and rebuilt it for preservation. During this period, China set off a frenzy of "New Yuefu Movement", and Du Fu was regarded as the initiator of this realistic poetry movement. Du Fu's spirit of realistic creation influenced the creation of Pi Rixiu, Cao Ye, Nie and Du Xunhe since Bai Juyi, thus forming a school of realistic poetry, which dominated the poetry circles in the late Tang Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, Du Fu's fame reached its peak. Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and others. Specially explore the strange ways of Du Fu's poems and form the "Jiangxi Poetry School". Later Wang Anshi, Lu You and Wen Tianxiang were also influenced by Du Fu to some extent. Wen Tianxiang made 200 episodes of Du Fu's five-character poems in prison, and said in the preface: "Whoever wants to make a noise, Zi Mei will speak first." Du Fu's wider influence lies in that Du Fu's works turned rhyme from a word game into a carrier to express political ambitions, which laid the foundation for later poets to write political themes.
The development of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty ensured Du Fu's supremacy as a model of poetry. Su Shi explained the reason: "There are countless poets in ancient and modern times, but the one headed by Wu is not hungry and cold, but he never forgets your last meal!" His thinking ability exerted his influence. Because of his yearning for establishing a good social order, he is highly respected by politicians, reformers learn from his sympathy for the poor, and writers learn from his innovation in artistic techniques.
Jin Shengtan, a literary critic in the early Qing Dynasty, called Du Fu's poems, Qu Yuan's Lisao, Zhuang Zhou's Zhuangzi, Sima Qian's Historical Records, Shi Naian's Water Margin and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber "the Book of Six Talents". In contemporary times, Du Fu's loyalty to the country and concern for the people are reinterpreted as nationalism and socialism, and he himself is appreciated by modern researchers for using the "people's language".
Du Fu's influence on later generations is also moral. Rex Ross, a modern American poet in the 20th century, thinks that Du Fu pays attention to the love between people and the tolerance and sympathy between people: "My poetry is undoubtedly mainly influenced by Du Fu. I think he is the greatest poet except epic and drama. In some respects, he even surpassed Shakespeare and Homer, at least he is more natural and kind. "
Du Fu is famous not only in China, but also overseas. 148 1 year, South Korea translated Du Fu's poems into Korean, which is called Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems and Proverbs. His influence on Japanese literature was relatively late. Until17th century, his reputation in Japan was the same as that in China. Du Fu's influence on Matsuo Bashō is particularly profound. Du Fu is also the favorite writer of American writer Kenneth Rexroth. Lay a good foundation.