In the field of poetry and prose in the late Ming Dynasty, the "public security school" was the most powerful. The representatives of this school are Yuan Zongdao (1560- 1600), Yuan Hongdao (1568- 16 10) and Yuan Zhongdao (1570-/kloc-0). They are. "Police Sanyuan" is the leader of the police school, among which Yuan Hongdao has the highest reputation and the greatest achievement, followed by the Middle Way. Other authors of this school include Jiang Yingke, Tao Wangling and Huang Hui. Yuan Hongdao (1568 ~ 16 10) was a writer in Ming dynasty. Lang is good at words, but not learning from words, and there is no teacher. Huguang public security (now Hubei) people. Juren in the 16th year of Wanli (1588). The next year, I went to Beijing to take the exam and failed. After returning home, I learned from Li Zhi and accepted him as my teacher. Since then, I have been greatly influenced by Li Zhi Thought. Jinshi in the 20th year of Wanli (1592). I'm not an official. I traveled all over Chu with my brother Yuan Zongdao and my brother Yuan Zhongdao. In the twenty-third year of Wanli (1595), he was elected as the magistrate of Wu county with outstanding achievements. Soon, I will visit places of interest in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, he was awarded Professor Shuntian, who was in charge of the etiquette department. Two years later, he resigned and returned to Li, where he lived by Liulang Lake, studied writing and traveled to Lushan Mountain and Taoyuan. In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606), he entered Beijing to take charge of a grass and resigned soon. Two years later, he went to Beijing again, took charge of the official department, transferred to the foreign minister, and invited the "year-end inspection officer", which later became a custom. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), he moved to Langzhong, Ji Xun, and tried in Zhongdian, Qin Dynasty. After that, I will ask for leave and settle in Shashi. The slogan of Yuan Hongdao's calligraphy stone carving, as the core of the theory of the Public Security School, is to "express one's own spirit". The theory of "the spirit of nature" of the public security school is a theory with distinct contents of the times, which is closely related to Li Zhi's theory of childlike innocence and sharply opposed to "reason". The theory of soul not only clearly affirms people's desire for life, but also emphasizes the expression of personality, which shows the personality liberation of people in the late Ming Dynasty. Yuan Hongdao Public Security School opposed the archaize trend of thought of the former seven scholars and the latter seven scholars, and advocated "expressing one's own spirit and not sticking to one pattern", which is unprecedented. His creative achievements are mainly prose, fresh and lively, natural and frank, but mostly limited to expressing leisure. Literary schools in Ming dynasty. Representative figures are Yuan Zongdao (1560- 1600), Yuan Hongdao (1568- 16 10) and Yuan Zhongdao (1570-10). Its important members include Jiang Yingke, Tao Wangling, Huang Hui, Lei Siwei and others. The members of the public security school mainly lived in Wanli period. Since Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty, the literary world has been dominated by the "first seven scholars" headed by Li Mengyang and He Jingming and the "last seven scholars" headed by Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong. Their retro argument that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty" and "don't study after the big calendar" has a great influence, so that "the world pushes Li, He, Wang and Li Jue, and all strive for its effect" (Biography of Li Mengyang in the Ming Dynasty). In the meantime, Gui Youguang and other "Tang and Song School" writers struggled, but they were not enough to correct their abuses. In Wanli, Li Zhi pointed out, "Why did you choose poetry in ancient times? "Why do you want to shake up the views of" Pre-Qin "and" the article is not available, but the situation has been discussed in succession ",and he and Jiao? , Xu Wei, etc. In fact, it has become a pioneer of public security schools. The literary thought of the Public Security School originated in Yuan Zongdao, with Yuan Hongdao as the backbone and actual leader, and Yuan Zhongdao further expanded its influence. The literary and artistic thoughts of the public security school mainly include the following points. 1. Oppose attacks and advocate change. Everyone in the public security school lashed out at the tendency of the former and the latter seven sons to imitate words and eat the ancient times, and they sharply criticized the phenomenon of "plagiarism is common practice and one word is spoken by all" in the literary world. Yuan Zongdao also hit the nail on the head and pointed out that the source of the retro school is "ignorance rather than imitation" (paper). They advocate that literature should change with the development of the times. " Generations have ups and downs, but the laws are different, each pole changes, and each is poor and interesting "(Yuan Hongdao's Xiao Xu Shi Xiu)," The world has changed, and literature has also changed; There is no need to copy the ancient times today, but it is also possible "(Yuan Hongdao's" With the River "). Not only the literary content, but also the formal language will change and tend to be popular. This is because "temperament is born, everything spits it, and there must be slang" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to Flowers and Snow). So, "why is the ancient high? Why should we be humble today? " They further advocated that "all words are legal" and "the laws of the ancients can be generalized" (Yuan Hongdao's preface to Xuetaoge Collection), which broke through all the barriers that bound creation. 2. express your spirit alone and don't stick to the rules. The so-called "soul" is the writer's personality and true feelings, which is close to Li Zhi's "childlike innocence". They think that "what comes from the soul is a true poem", while "it is almost impossible to be safe in nature, and what you do is called a real person" (Yuan Hongdao's Proverbs, Knowing Zhang You), and then emphasize that you won't write unless it comes from your own mind. Therefore, they advocate "the truth is sincere." "insincere, insincere, can't move people. You should "say what people say, what people can't say and what people dare not say" (Lei Siwei's Preface to Little Bitang), where bread contains resistance to the gentle and honest poetic tradition of Confucianism. They interpret the creative process as "the spirit is in the heart and exists in the environment." "The environment is moved and the heart can bear it; If the heart wants to vomit, it will be transported by the wrist ",while" if the heart captures the environment and transports the heart by the wrist, the spirit will be complete "(Jiang Yingke, My Life Sequence). As long as "the wise men in the world have boundless bosom, the more they look for it, the different they are, the poor they change it, and then between ink and ink, everyone has his true face" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Zhong Lang), the innovation of literature can be realized. 3. Give priority to folk novels and advocate popular literature. Public security schools attach great importance to drawing nutrition from folk literature. Yuan Hongdao once described folk songs such as "Dazaogan" as poems, which made him "broad-minded, broad-minded and magnanimous in his poetry collections". He thought that the poems such as Broken Jade and Jujube Rod sung by women and children at that time were "written by ignorant real people, so there are many true voices" and praised them. This is related to their literary development view and innovative theory, which played a certain role in improving the social status of folk literature and popular literature in that period. The public security school has made great achievements in liberating the style of writing, such as "Sweeping the King" (biography of Yuan Zhonglang, public security county annals), whose travel notes, letters and essays are also very distinctive, or elegant and fresh, or lively and humorous, and become a family of their own. However, in real life, they passively avoid the world and describe trivial things or natural scenery around them, lacking profound social content, and their creative themes are getting narrower and narrower. Its imitators "blurt out, no longer follow the rules", "for slang, for delicacies, for recklessness", and even "crazy fans, vulgar behavior" (Biography of Qian Shi Hua). Later generations' evaluation of the literary thought of the Gong 'an School is fair and has theoretical significance beyond its creative practice. Noun explanation. The school of public security (network edition) is an influential literary school in the field of late Ming literature. Representative figures are Yuan Hongdao, Yuan Zhongdao and Yuan Zongdao, headed by Yuan Hongdao. Because he is a Hubei public security person, he is called the public security school. The public security school opposed the archaizing trend of thought of the former seven sons and the latter seven sons, and advocated "expressing the spirit alone and not sticking to one pattern", which was unprecedented. His creative achievements are mainly prose, fresh and lively, natural and frank, but mostly limited to expressing leisure. The literary thought of the Public Security School originated in Yuan Zongdao, with Yuan Hongdao as the backbone and actual leader, and Yuan Zhongdao further expanded its influence. The literary propositions of the Public Security School mainly include: ① Opposing attacks and advocating changes. All members of the public security school lashed out at the tendency of the seven sons to imitate words and eat the ancient. They sharply criticized the phenomenon of "plagiarism, all kinds of voices speak loudly" in the literary world. Yuan Zongdao also pointed out that the origin of the retro school is "ignorance without imitation" (literary theory). They advocate that literature should change with the development of the times. "There are ups and downs from generation to generation, but the laws are inconsistent, the poles change and the tastes are poor" (Yuan Hongdao's Xiao Xu Shi Xiu). "The world has changed, and literature has also changed; There is no need to copy the ancient times today, but it is also possible "(Yuan Hongdao's" With the River "). Not only the literary content, but also the formal language will change and tend to be popular. This is because "temperament is born, everything spits it, and there must be slang" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to Flowers and Snow). So, "why is the ancient high? Why should we be humble today? " They further advocated: "All words and expressions are legal", "The laws of the ancients can be generalized!" (Yuan Hongdao's Preface to the Collection of Xue Taoting) Break through all the barriers that bind creation. (2) express your spirit, not stick to one pattern. The so-called "soul" is the writer's personality and true feelings, which is close to Li Zhi's "childlike innocence". They think that "what comes from the soul is a true poem", while "it is almost impossible to be safe in nature, and what you do is called a real person" (Yuan Hongdao's Proverbs, Knowing Zhang You), and then emphasize that you won't write unless it comes from your own mind. Therefore, they advocate that "the truth is sincere." If you are not sincere, you can't impress people. You should "say what people say, what people can't say and what people dare not say" (Preface to Little Bitang by Lei Sipei), where bread contains resistance to the gentle and honest tradition of Confucian poetry teaching. They interpret the creative process as "the spirit is in the heart and stays in the environment." The environment is moved and the heart can bear it; If the heart wants to vomit, it will be transported by the wrist ",while" if the heart captures the environment and transports the heart by the wrist, the spirit will be complete "(Jiang Yingke, My Life Sequence). As long as "the wise men in the world have boundless bosom, the more they look for it, the different they are, the poor they change it, and then between ink and ink, everyone has his true face" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Zhong Lang), the innovation of literature can be realized. (3) Emphasize folk novels and advocate popular literature. Public security schools attach great importance to drawing nutrition from folk literature. Yuan Hongdao once described folk songs such as "Jujube Dried" as poems, which made him "broad-minded, broad-minded and magnanimous in his poetry collections". He believes that the poems such as Broken Jade and Dried Jujube sung by women and children at that time were written by "ignorant real people, so there are many real voices". This is related to their literary development view and innovative theory, and has a certain effect on improving the social status of folk literature and popular literature in that period. The public security school has made great achievements in liberating the style of writing, such as "Sweeping the King" (biography of Yuan Zhonglang, public security county annals), whose travel notes, letters and essays are also very distinctive, or elegant and fresh, or lively and humorous, and become a family of their own. However, in real life, they passively avoid the world and describe trivial things or natural scenery around them, lacking profound social content, and their creative themes are getting narrower and narrower. Its imitators "blurt out, no longer follow the rules", "for slang, for delicacies, for recklessness", and even "crazy fans, vulgar behavior" (Biography of Qian Shi Hua). Later generations' evaluation of the literary thought of the Gong 'an School is fair and has theoretical significance beyond its creative practice.
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