In the late Tang Dynasty, there is a famous sentence in Shangshan Morning Walk, "Chicken sounds like Maodian Moon, and there are six images of chicken, Maodian, Moon, Man, Banqiao and Frost. Judging from people's normal observation order, the moon frost occupies the largest space among the six elephants, because first frost covers a wide range and is unstoppable, and the moonlight is full of dry Kun, so we must see it first. Secondly, Maodian and Banqiao, which have regular planes, are also eye-catching in all kinds of images in nature. The smallest object is a pedestrian, and the most uncertain sound is a chicken. However, the poet highlighted the footprints and the sound of chickens, and used close-ups for this purpose. Then it was written by chickens and Maodian, then Maodian and the moon in the air; From the footprint to the bridge deck where the footprint is located, I noticed the frost on the bridge deck again. The order of taking pictures is just the opposite of the normal observation order. Through the reverse arrangement of objects, human footsteps and chicken calls are clearly highlighted and become the central image. Therefore, in the frost morning when the rooster crows, the image of early pedestrians is vividly displayed, although it is not directly seen in the scene frame. This is appreciated from the perspective of video. From the content, this couplet is full of sound, color, light and warmth, but the focus is still "poetic eye"-"early", and the poet skillfully visualizes and concretes the word "early". These two interpretations belong to the "positive solution" of this poem.
Wang Changling's "Two Poems on the Dyke" (Part I) is called "the masterpiece of the prosperous Tang Dynasty", and the first sentence "the bright moon in Qin Dynasty, the custom in Han Dynasty" is very jumping in time and space, so many readers fail to understand the author's originality. Shen Deqian, a famous poetry critic, thinks that "intertextuality in poetry", that is, words can be translated as "bright moon in Qin and Han dynasties, pass in Qin and Han dynasties". This explanation is very insightful, but it only stays at the surface meaning of the text. In fact, "bright moon" and "Guan" are commonly used words in Yuefu poems to describe frontier life. Adding two time qualifiers "Qin" and "Han" before these two words makes the poem look fresh and wonderful. In this way, thousands of years ago, thousands of miles away, a magnificent artistic conception emerged; Moreover, "people who have not returned" not only refer to people at that time, but also refer to people from generation to generation since Qin and Han Dynasties. At the same time, "don't teach Huma to spend a shadow mountain" has become a constant wish from generation to generation. ⑦ The latter interpretation belongs to the "right and wrong" phenomenon in "misreading".
Also, the bottom line of Du Fu's "Eight Arrays" poem is "The vicissitudes of life, don't solve the worries of Soochow", saying that the fame of gossip and Zhuge Liang will not be washed away by the river, but will last forever, pun intended. I don't know whether it is Zhuge Liang's regret or the poet's regret. "Defeating Wu" does not mean that Zhuge Liang did not annex Wu before his death, nor does it mean that Zhuge Liang failed to stop Liu Bei's attack and violated the strategic policy of uniting Wu to resist Wei. Su Shi thinks the latter is more suitable.
Secondly, the openness of poetic language structure promotes the formation of misreading.
As a symbolic form of artistic information, literary works have duality, namely semantic information and aesthetic information. Semantic information is a kind of information with clear meaning, which belongs to surface meaning. It explains and explains things, is the basis of understanding aesthetic information, and is also a ladder to enter the art world. Aesthetic information is a kind of image information, which belongs to deep meaning. It projects the emotion and experience of the writer's subject, carries the emotional meaning and is vague. For a poem, the particularity and openness of language structure make the constructed images multifaceted. These images themselves have "potential meaning system" or "information capacity", which often exceed the signifier and signified threshold of general language. This open structure, vertically speaking, with the passage of history, people in different times will have different feelings about the same work, and the change of aesthetic taste will also cause differences in artistic evaluation. The so-called "the spread of poetry is both fortunate and unfortunate." For example, in a night berth near Fengqiao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, there was a poem "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, and the bell rang to the passenger ship at midnight". Ouyang Xiu, who lived in the Song Dynasty, did not understand the actual situation of the Tang Dynasty. In "Poems on June 1", he said: "There is a cloud in the Tang Dynasty: Gusu stood at Hanshan Temple, and the bell rang to the passenger ship at midnight. The speaker also said: the sentence is good, and it is like the third night, not when the clock strikes. " Suzhou in the Tang Dynasty had the habit of ringing the bell at midnight, which was called "impermanent clock" at that time. There is a clear record in Chronicle of Tang Poetry, and many poets in the Tang Dynasty also wrote Midnight Bell. Wang Jian "didn't lie down to hear the midnight bell", Xu Hun "the moon shines on the midnight bell in Qian Shan", and Bai Juyi said, "Under the shadow of the new pine autumn, after the midnight bell." Until the Song Dynasty, Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua also proved that Suzhou Buddhist temple was still ringing midnight in the Southern Song Dynasty. Jiao Xun of A Qing Dynasty said: "It is impossible for a husband to know his man and ignore his world;" I don't know if he wants to go against his wishes, but neither can he. " ("Mencius justice? Ouyang Xiu thinks that he doesn't ring the bell in the middle of the night and doesn't understand the world, so there is a phenomenon of "anti-mistake".
Horizontally speaking, once a poem is published, it must face all readers. When they face readers of different classes, different cultural backgrounds, different aesthetic angles and different aesthetic tastes, they show the utmost restraint and flexibility. When Song Shenzong read Su Shi's words "I want to go home by the wind, but I'm afraid I'm too cold", he sighed "I love you forever". This kind of understanding left the specific social status and cultural background at that time, which was almost incredible. Another example is that Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, after reading the poem "The frost skirt rains about 40 times, and the fish at its tip is 2,000 feet in the blue sky" in Du Fu's poem, accused Cooper of "nothing is too slender" because he calculated "its diameter is 8 feet", and he interpreted the poem with accurate scientific notation, sticking to the truth of life and making the interpretation fall into a misunderstanding.
Thirdly, the concentration of poems leads to different interpretations.
Language refinement is one of the important features of poetry, which is mainly manifested in the condensation of sentences. In China's ancient poems, the lack of subject, the use of allusions, frequent analogies and other means can enhance the concentration of poems. Let's talk about the lack of subject first, which often leads to the result of "only meaning without words", such as the last paragraph of "Moonlit Night on a Spring River", "Last night, I dreamed that the idle pool had fallen, and the poor spring had not returned. In spring, the river flows away, and the pond falls in the moon and the west. The slanting moon hides the sea fog, and Jieshi Xiaoxiang Road is infinite. I don't know how many people go home every month, and the moon shakes the river tree. " This topic is very controversial. Readers can understand it as the third person "he", the first person "I", that is, a wanderer, and some people understand it as a homesick woman, all of which are thought by a homesick woman. In fact, taking "I" as the subject here should belong to the "true or false" of this poem. The poet Zhang described the cycle of life from birth, growth, maturity and decline with the process of the bright moon "rising-hanging high in the west-setting in the west", which fully embodied the theme of "endless life, the river and the moon are only similar year after year", which belongs to the "positive solution" of this poem, because there is deep affection for wanderers everywhere in this poem.
Another example is Jiang Feng in Zhang Ji's masterpiece a night-mooring near maple bridge. People often interpret it as a "maple leaf by the water" because it looks forward to literature. Perhaps because there is no Yangtze River outside Hanshan Temple in Suzhou, it is called "Waterfront". This is not true. In fact, "Jiangfeng" here refers to two bridges outside Hanshan Temple, namely Jiangqiao and Qiao Feng. The head words of "bridge", attributives "river" and "wind" are omitted in the sentence. "Jiangfeng fishing fire" actually refers to the fishing fire under these two bridges, which has nothing to do with "flaming maple leaves", let alone the Yangtze River. But because of this omission, it became a misunderstanding. This should belong to the phenomenon of "error prevention" in interpretation.
There are more than 100 interpreters of Jin Se by Li Shangyin, and there are more than 10 important opinions, such as mourning, hurting the world, love, poetry creation and so on. This situation of "one interpretation and many interpretations" is formed because the quotations in the poem are obscure and complicated, and the metaphors are everywhere. As far as two representative explanations are concerned, their explanations of the poem "Mermaids drop pearl-like tears-the green sea and the blue fields breathe their jade at the sun" are different: "Mourning" thinks that the happy time written in the previous sentence is short-lived, and its brilliance is like pearls, but it turns into bubbles in a blink of an eye. The last sentence uses the legend of Yu Zi and Han Zhong in Search of Ji Shen to write that he wants to see (or dream of) his wife again, but his wife, like Yu Zi, disappears like a cigarette. However, the theory of "harming nature and harming reason" holds that the pearl written in the previous sentence was abandoned in the sea, which means that one's ambition could not be displayed. The latter sentence writes that jade is hidden in the mountains, which means that one's talent is suppressed and buried, and the world appreciates only poetry and prose. Both of these interpretations should belong to the phenomenon of "right and wrong".
Fourthly, the polysemy of classical Chinese words leads to the diversification of understanding.
For example, in Du Mu's Mountain Walk, the phrase "Stop to sit in the maple forest late, the frost leaves are red in February flowers" is well known, but people have different understandings because of the different meanings of the word "sit". In ancient Chinese, "sitting" has five meanings: ① The ancients spread the mat on the ground, kneeling on the mat and pressing their hips on their heels, which is called "sitting". ② Seats. (3) For committing ... a crime or mistake. After that, it means guilty. 4 because. ⑤ Confronting with the judge in the process of litigation. ⑧ Most people interpret the word "sitting" in "Stop in the Maple Grove to Sit Late" as "because", because there are poems, so it is not a big problem. However, some people think that if the word "sitting" is interpreted as "sitting" in meditation, it will be more in line with the poet's ideological reality and the deep connotation of this poem. Mr. Gu Bin believes that "interpreting' sitting in love' as' meditation' can enrich our understanding of this poem." In a sense, Du Mu's Sitting in the Maple Grove Late is quite similar to Wang Wei's Sitting and Seeing Yun Qi Again. This interpretation is quite creative and belongs to the phenomenon of "right and wrong".
Another example is Li Bai's Song of the Emei Mountain Moon, in which the word "Jun" means "Emei Mountain Moon". In another poem of the poet, The Moon Song on Emei Mountain, there is the sentence "When I was in the Three Gorges in Badong, I looked at the bright moon in the west and missed Emei", so this sentence became an inverted sentence, meaning that I would never see the moon in Emei again because I was out of Yuzhou. Another theory explains that "Jun" is a friend of the poet. It can be quoted from Su Shi's "Sending People to Keep History". There is a cloud in Su Shi's poem: "Emei Mountain falls for half a month, and the Qiang River falls flat. Who explains what Chen Xian said? Please go upstairs when you see the moon. " Each has its own basis, although both theories can be used, but one is to write about the moon and the other is to miss people, and the artistic conception is very different.
There are only three results in poetry appreciation. One is "correct reading" and the other is "misreading", including "right and wrong" and "wrong". The phenomenon of "correct reading" is gratifying, while the phenomenon of "misreading" should be treated differently, which can neither be blindly denied nor fully affirmed.