By the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the consumption and production of wine had recovered and developed. From the literature at that time and the poems of literati and celebrities, we can see the wine consumption at that time.
Wei Wendi Cao Pi likes drinking, especially wine. He not only likes wine himself, but also writes his love and views on grapes and wine into letters and tells ministers. Wei Wendi wrote in a letter to this group of doctors:
"III elders know clothes, V elders know diet. This statement was taken by the old man. ..... There are many rare fruits in China, which are said to be from Pu Tao. When Zhu Xia was involved in autumn, there was still heat. When he woke up, he was drunk and ate under the quilt. Sweet but not sweet, sour but not crisp, cold but not cold, long taste and rich juice, which can quench thirst. To brew ideological wine, you are willing to bow your head and be a willing ox. The firmness of Tao has been swallowed, which is the evil of pro-food. The fruit of the other side is better than that of the horse. "
As an emperor, in his letters to his ministers, he not only talked about eating and dressing, but also talked about his love for grapes and wine, and said that just mentioning the name of wine is enough to make people salivate, let alone drinking it in person, which is probably unprecedented. The reflection of Shu Wei Wei Wendi commented on Wei Wendi in this way: "Comments: brilliant and literary, write a poem, Bo." With Wei Wendi's advocacy and personal practice, the wine industry was restored and developed, making wine a common drink for princes and celebrities in the late Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the wine culture was rising day by day. This was reflected in many poems at that time.
Lu Ji wrote in "Drinking Music":
Pu Tao four Ji Fang alcohol, glazed thousand bells old customers.
Drinking and dancing at night will delay the sale of candles and make people wake up.
Spring breeze and autumn moon are always good, and the sun and moon are new.
Lu Ji (26 1-303) was the grandson of Lu Xun, a famous minister of Wu Dong in the Three Kingdoms period. After Wu's death, Tai Kang was called to Luoyang in the Jin Dynasty and worked as a horse washer and librarian for the prince. "Pu Tao" in Drinking Music refers to wine. The poem depicts the luxurious life of the upper class at that time: drinking grapes and wine all year round, and living in a drunken dream every day. At this time, the wine was enjoyed by princes and nobles, but it was relatively easy to get, and it was by no means the price that Meng Tuo used to bribe officials when Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, otherwise no one could drink it all year round.
For more than a hundred years in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were often poems about wine sung by literati and celebrities. Yu Xin (513-581) wrote in his seven-character poem Ge Yanxing:
Pu Tao was drunk for 1000 days, and nothing happened.
Take the elixir as a few clothes, and China's watch will last for thousands of years.
Yu Xin expressed his idea in his poem: instead of drinking a glass of wine and getting drunk for a thousand days, it is better to learn from the immortal of alchemy and live forever. If you can take the elixir several times, you can enjoy immortality like a Millennium watch. In the poem, drinking is compared to taking elixir of life, which shows that wine was recognized as a healthy drink at that time.
It is worth noting that during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the Eurasian grapes introduced from Zhang Qian were planted, the grapes originated from China were also planted artificially, which can be reflected in the poems at that time. Cao Zhi, the youngest son of Cao Cao, wrote in "Planting Ge" that "planting Ge at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, Ge Zhi becomes a shadow. I was deeply grateful to you when I first married you. " This poem.
4. Tang Dynasty-splendid wine culture
After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified China, there was a short transition, that is, the rule of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty and the prosperous period of 100 years. During this period, due to the expansion of territory, the strength of national power and the prosperity of culture, drinking was no longer the privilege of princes, nobles and literati, and ordinary people also drank alcohol generally. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the social atmosphere was open, and not only men but also women drank alcohol. The fullness of a woman was recognized as beauty at that time, and the drunkenness of a woman was a kind of beauty. Li Longji, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, especially appreciated Yang Yuhuan's drunken charm and beauty of makeup. He often joked that the drunkenness of the imperial concubine was "whether the imperial concubine was drunk or not, Haitang didn't sleep enough." At that time, when women put on makeup, they also liked to put two pieces of red wedding grease on their faces, which was a very popular makeup method at that time and was called "drunken makeup". In recent years, "sunburn makeup", which is popular in Hongkong, Taiwan Province and coastal cities, is the "drunken makeup" of women in the Tang Dynasty more than 1000 years ago.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, people not only liked drinking, but also liked drinking. Because until the Tang Dynasty, people mainly drank low-alcohol rice wine, and the low-alcohol grain wine widely consumed at that time could not be compared with wine in any aspect, which provided market space for the development of wine.
At that time, the real opportunity for the development of wine was that Tang Gaozu Li Yuan and Emperor Taizong Li Shimin both loved wine very much, and Emperor Taizong liked to make his own wine even though the national strength was strong and the country did not ban alcohol. According to Taiping Yu Lan: "(Tang) Emperor Gaozu (Li Yuan) gave a batch of medicine and food to the imperial court, and Pu Tao was the fruit. The waiter Chen insisted on not eating, and Gaozu asked him why. Yes, my mother suffers from dry mouth, and she can't get it. Gaozu said, your mother can stay. Then I sobbed in tears, and it took a long time to stop. I gave you a hundred dollars. " It can be seen that in the early Tang Dynasty, after the war, grape cultivation and wine-making have basically shrunk. Even the mother of the minister of the DPRK was ill and wanted to eat grapes, but there were only fresh grapes on the state banquet hosted by the emperor.
According to Taiping Yu Lan, in Zhenguan 13 (640), after Tang Jun, under the leadership of Li Jing, conquered Gao Changguo (now Turpan, Xinjiang) and obtained the varieties of mare's milk grapes and winemaking methods from Gao Changguo, Emperor Taizong not only planted grapes in the palace, but also personally participated in winemaking. The wine not only has good color and taste, but also has the flavor of sake and red wine.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the society was stable and the people were rich. Because both emperors and ministers like wine, folk brewing and drinking are also common. These were all reflected in the poems at that time.
Xin Li, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, called him "a man of simple nature and world-weariness" in Biography of Talented Talents. He wrote in an old battle song:
During the day, the beacon tower climbing the mountain observes and gives an alarm, and at night, the horse leads the horse to the riverside.
The dark wind blew bursts of sounds, like the pipa of a princess in the Han Dynasty, full of hidden grievances.
Wild cloud Wan Li has no walls, until the sky falls into the vast desert snow.
The sorrowful Hu Yanyan flew through the air, and HUS soldiers were all in tears.
It is said that Yumenguan has blocked the road, so the soldiers can only follow the general around.
The bones of death are buried in the wilderness every year, and only grapes from the western regions are sent to the Han people.
Xin Li's "An Ancient Warsong" describes the complicated feelings of the frontier fortress army life and the people who joined the army, borrows the allusions of the introduction of grapes by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and reflects the acute complexity of the contradiction between the monarch and the people, military expansion and economic trade, cultural exchange and people's sacrifice. The whole poem is vigorous and tragic in style. At the end of the poem, the allusions introduced by grapes are used to reveal the consequences of the war. Although there is no judgment, love and hate are clear, which is one of the artistic characteristics of this poem.
Wang Ji, who calls himself "Mr. Wudou", not only likes drinking, but also is good at wine tasting, and has written "Wine Classic" and "Wine Spectrum". He wrote in "Five Titles of Restaurants" (one of which is "The Titles of Hotel Walls"):
Bamboo leaves are even green, and Pu Tao is red.
If we meet endlessly, who will we be empty for?
This is a very decent poem to persuade wine. Friends get together for a feast, and the wine in the cup is bamboo leaves and wine. Ji Wang advised wine: Today, when friends get together, we should drink all the wine in the bottle and get drunk! After it separated, it lost interest even if it drank the same wine again.
Li Bai, also known as "Poet Fairy" and "Brewmaster", is known as "100 poems about fighting wine" and loves wine very much. Even if he is drunk and writes poetry, he will never forget his beloved wine. He wrote in "wine":
Pu Tao wine, Jingelo, and 15 horses from Wuji.
Indigo thrush red brocade boots, songs and lyrics.
I was drunk in my arms at the hawksbill banquet. What's the matter with the lotus account?
In fact, Li Bai not only loves wine, but also is addicted to it. He can't wait to live to be a hundred years old and indulge in wine every day. Xiangyang song is his drunken song. He wrote in Xiangyang Song: "From a distance, the duck head in the Hanshui River is green, just like the beginning of Pu Tao. If this river turns into spring wine, it will ruin the mound. ..... "Li Bai, a poet, fantasized about turning the water of a river into wine, drinking 300 cups a day for a hundred years in a row, and really drinking the wine of a river. It can also be seen from the poem that wine-making was quite common at that time.
Han Yu, a great poet and scholar, once worked as an official for Shi Lang and Jing. He wrote down his careful cultivation of grapes in the poem Pu Tao:
The new work is not half dry, and the overhead is fragmented.
If you want a full plate of horse milk, don't add bamboo to attract dragons.
In addition, there are many poems about grapes and wine. In Bai Juyi's "Sleepwalking in Spring", there is a poem "Pu Tao opens purple pollen and red flowers"; There is a saying in "The Snow Show at the House Night Banquet" that "the wine hook sends the lamp to push the lotus seed, and the candle tears stick to Pu Tao"; There is a poem "Qiang plays willow, Yanji plays" in "Send a gift to Pei, a left-behind man in North County". In Pu Tao Pavilion, Liu Yuxi described his whole process from planting grapes to harvesting grapes, including pruning, scaffolding, fertilization, irrigation and other cultivation management, and achieved a bumper harvest of grapes. As a senior government official, Liu Yuxi can accurately master grape cultivation techniques, which shows the development of grape cultivation in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Among the wine poems in the Tang Dynasty, the most famous is William Wang's Liangzhou Ci. The poem wrote:
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa right away.
Don't laugh when you are drunk on the battlefield. How many people fought in ancient times?
The desolate and hard environment of the frontier fortress and the tense and turbulent military life make it difficult for soldiers to get a happy feast. This is a rare party, wine, especially wine; Cup, is the "luminous cup". According to the Ten Kingdoms: "When Zhou Muwang was here, Shi Hu offered a luminous cup, which was the essence of white jade and lit at night." White as jade, the luminous cup contains bright blood-like wine with gorgeous color and luxurious image. With such a good wine and such a rich banquet, the soldiers are all in high spirits and ready to drink. Just when everyone wanted to drink, they immediately played the pipa and urged people to go out. Here and now, the pipa is silent, not for fun, but for urging hair. Who can not feel heavy? Do you want to drink this wine? At this time, someone in the seat shouted, men join the army and serve the country with their bodies, and life and death have long been ignored. If you have wine, drink it to your heart's content! Being drunk, even if you are drunk on the battlefield, there is nothing shameful. Since ancient times, how many people have survived on the bloody battlefield! So, the soldiers who went out were in high spirits and had a drink. Knowing that the future is at stake, I am still fearless and brave, showing a high patriotic enthusiasm.
Among many frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, this Liangzhou Ci can best express the all-encompassing momentum at that time and the spirit of winning faith in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty called this poem an immaculate treasure, which, together with Wang Changling's "The Embankment", is a famous work in the Tang Dynasty. This poem has also been recorded as a swan song in the history of wine culture in China and even the world.