[essay; Something similar to or suggestive of a short passage, especially when analyzing, explaining or criticizing something in detail.
(1). The Buddhist scriptures refer to the seven-volume Prajna Paramita Sutra. Compared with the twenty-four volumes of Maha Prajna Paramita Sutra. Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Yin read Essays and signed 200 articles, all of which were reserved and secluded, trying to distinguish them from Zhi Daolin." Liu Xiao marked: "The teacher's explanation of the Empty Classics is detailed and rough. The detailed ones are big articles, and the short ones are small articles. " In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Guimeng's poem "The Lonely Family Courtyard" said: "Turn over the essays and talk about the South China one by one." The second book written by Jin Nong in Qing Dynasty: "Whose book is the name and text of the Buddha all over the mountain?"
(2) a form of prose. The space is short, and most of them explain some truths in simple terms, or vividly describe the facts and express their feelings. This style existed in ancient China, and it was more popular in Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, Zhu Guozhen wrote "Architectural Sketch" in Ming Dynasty. Liu Bannong's Preface to Selected Poems: "I deleted some poems translated in the past ten years and compiled them into an episode according to the period."
(3) refers to a short theatrical performance.
[Edit this paragraph] Basic overview
The broad sketch covers a wide range, while the narrow sketch refers to the short art of speaking and performing. Its basic requirements are clear language, natural form, full understanding and expression of each character's personality and language characteristics, and the most representative is comedy sketches.
Sketch is a small art work.
The name of the sketch comes from art schools and performing arts groups. In the art world, a simple and simple little work is called sketch. It has no complicated connotation in itself, but only reflects one aspect or phenomenon of things, and its form of expression is relatively simple. For example, Chinese painting sketch, printmaking sketch and oil painting sketch. In the entertainment industry, a single performance or combination performance that expresses relatively simple scenes or artistic images through body and language is also called a sketch.
Sketch is the earliest interview project for students' artistic quality and basic skills in the entertainment circle. Generally, the teachers of the admissions unit give questions on the spot and the candidates perform on the spot. In the early 1980 s, due to the media of the Spring Festival Evening, sketches participated in the performance as independent programs. Because of its lively and humorous performance form, it is deeply loved by the audience and stands out. The earlier sketch performance may be "Eating Noodles" by Peisi Chen and Zhu Shimao, whose humorous image and actions have been highly appreciated and recognized by the masses. Later, a large number of sketch stars, such as Zhao Benshan, Fan Wei, Huang Hong, Guo Da, Zhao and Gong Hanlin, came to the fore. As a new performance form, sketch became more and more popular, with more and more rich themes, and the depth, breadth and manifestations of social phenomena became more and more diversified. Since then, sketches have become an indispensable and unique artistic expression on the literary stage.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evolution
The word "sketch" existed as early as the Jin Dynasty, which is a Buddhist term. Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature: Under the sentence of "Yin Reading Essays", Liu Xiao marked: "Shi Shuo Jian Kong Jing is detailed. The details are big products, and the short ones are sketches. " Kumarajiva translated the Maha Prajna Paramita Sutra, calling the 27 volumes with more details as "Great Prajna" and the 10 volume with less details as "Little Prajna". It can be seen that "essays" and "masterpieces" refer to abridged versions of Buddhist scriptures. Because of its short length, concise language and easy reading and dissemination, it is favored by people. Zhang Rong's "Legacy Order": "My life is good, and Lingyun smiles. The coffin is 3 thousand dollars, and there is no new one. The left hand holds Xiao Jing and Lao Zi, and the right hand holds the essay Hokkekyo. " (Book of Southern Qi (Volume 41)) shows his preference for "essays". At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xiang was written, and the preface said: "Long summer, living in Pishan, celebrating the" Lotus Sketch ",the most famous temple, is a short story." At the end of the Ming Dynasty, people were obsessed with Buddhism in order to escape political disasters, but they just escaped from Zen and hid in Zen. Most people didn't really escape into an empty door. Therefore, they have no patience to study the profound and mysterious Buddhist scriptures, but they have a special liking for "essays". With the prosperity of Zen Buddhism and Yue Xue, scholars naturally transplanted the concept of "essays" into literature.
In the thirty-ninth year of Wanli (16 1 1), Wang Jian-yi compiled Su Changgong's Collected Works, which was originally regarded as a literary concept. Chen Jiru's Essays on Su Changgong said: "If you want to choose a collection of essays on long-term workers, you should choose short works before differences, with tens of thousands of words on theory, strategy and printing, so that students can learn later. For those who read Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism, it is not too late to read "A Han Xiao" first, and then it was written into 548 volumes. This method of reading long public collections is also. " (Mr. Mei Gong's Essays on the Evening Fragrant Hall, Volume XI) puts forward "short but different" as the feature of "essays" and compares it with "Essays on A Han", which shows that the concept of "essays" was moved from Buddhist scriptures. This is the original concept of "essays" in the late Ming Dynasty, which generally refers to prose style, with short length, meaningful and novel. Chen Jiru was the leader of the "Mountain Man" family in the late Ming Dynasty. Under his call, the word "sketch" spread like wildfire, and at that time everyone rushed to write, select and discuss sketches, which became the general trend.
China's comedy sketches originated in the early 1980s, inheriting and developing the advantages of drama, cross talk, duet and short play. Especially Zhao Benshan, Peisi Chen, Zhu Shimao, Song Dandan, Huang Hong, Cai Ming, Guo Da and Pan Changjiang. Among them, only Zhao Benshan has inherited the authenticity of local language art, and also has the potential of a talk show superstar. The acting skills of other stars are a bit too professional. Zhao Benshan's success is related to his folk background. The improvisation form of sketches needs rich life experience and vivid life language. Its artistic temperament is absolutely opposite to drama, and its linguistic temperament is also completely opposite to drama.
[Edit this paragraph] Sketch features
1, short and pithy, with simple plot. This is the most basic difference between sketch and other works of art and artistic expressions. Sketch belongs to "cultural fast food" and is a beautiful "side dish" rather than a hot pot stew.
2. Humorous. Sketch is the art of "laughing". Most good sketches have enough paragraphs to inspire people from laughter and learn lessons.
3, elegant and popular * * * rewards, a wide range of topics. The small themes and events reflected in the sketches all originated from grassroots and ordinary people. The change of the world and various states of the world are the objects of sketch description, which can be sublimated in art and expressed on the stage.
4. Close to life, novel angle, concise language and strong appeal are the basic requirements of sketch creation. Only works that are close to life are loved and accepted by the masses. Originated from life, higher than life, moderately exaggerated, and typical examples are necessary for successful sketches.
5. Criticizing shortcomings contains philosophy. Through superficial phenomena, satirize some unreasonable things, reveal some philosophies, and entertain and educate. This is not only the original intention of the sketch, but also people's further requirements for it.
[Edit this paragraph] Sketch creation
1, go deep into life, be close to life, experience life, and find inspiration from life. We should use an artistic eye to discover and explore the theme. Huang Hong and Song Dandan, Zhao Lirong and Gong Hanlin, Zhao Benshan, Fan Wei and Gao Xiumin's sketches "Selling Kidnappers" and "Selling Cars" are all familiar trivia in people's lives. Through their vivid performances, the audience laughed and had endless aftertaste.
2, the theme should be small, not big, to "make big problems small", not "make a mountain out of a molehill". Don't cover everything, and engage in "Gao Daquan". Sketch is best to reflect only one thing, or only one side of one thing. Themes with rich connotations and sufficient reasoning are about TV dramas or novels, so don't confuse them.
3, there must be paragraphs and "baggage", the language should be vivid, humorous and funny, and don't speak with a straight face. The most valuable thing about sketches is that the language is vivid, interesting and witty. We should skillfully use various rhetorical devices to avoid telling a straightforward story. Sometimes a word "borrow" can make the audience laugh. For example, Song Dandan's "A white front tooth was laid off in glory the year before last" and Zhao Benshan's "Later, the Taosheng remains the same" when he and his wife got back together are superb examples of language borrowing.
4. Don't write the sketch as a cross talk or a small play, but highlight the characteristics of the sketch. Some sketch writers have good intentions and good ideas, and always want to write thoughtful and educational sketches. But performances are counterproductive, because they don't really distinguish between drama and sketch.
[Edit this paragraph] Main types
China's short plays have different forms.
1. According to the size and complexity of drama sketches, there are whole plays and one-act plays.
2. From the time division reflected by the theme, there are historical dramas and modern dramas.
3. From the artistic form of drama sketch, there are drama, opera, ballet and drama sketch. Opera sketch is characterized by the trinity of China traditional opera song, dance and drama. Drama sketch is a kind of drama sketch with dialogue as the main part and action as the auxiliary part. This is the most popular style of drama sketch. For example, Zhao Benshan and others performed skits such as Happy New Year and Kidnapping. Opera sketches are mainly based on singing, accompanied by dialogue and narration. Such as "Crossing the River" performed by Pan Changjiang.
4. From the artistic effect of drama sketches, there are mainly comedy sketches, tragedy sketches and tragicomedy sketches. Comic sketches such as "Super Guerrilla" and tragicomedy sketches such as "Under the Lotus Tree" are immature and have no typical representative works.
5. From the combination of drama sketches and other art forms, there are mainly mime sketches, cross talk sketches, TV sketches, children sketches, puppet sketches and so on. The pantomime sketch Eat Chicken, the crosstalk sketch Feng Gong and Niu Niu's idea company, the TV sketch Mentoring Music, etc. were filmed and performed by Peisi Chen, the children's sketch Indiana Jones was written by Ceng Tao, the puppet show Monkey Training was written by Huang Xijun, and the drama sketch Fairy was written by Huang Xijun.
[Edit this paragraph] Major famous artists
The famous sketch actors in China are:, Zhu Shimao,, Dashan (Canadian), Gong Hanlin,,,, Lausanne (deceased), Song Dandan, Yan Shunkai, Zhao Benshan, Fan Wei, Pan Changjiang, Zhao Lirong (deceased), Gao Xiumin (deceased) and so on.
[Edit this paragraph] Art form
Sketch is a new art form born in the Spring Festival Evening. Peisi Chen's sketch "Eating Noodles" may be the first sketch. In addition, Peisi Chen and Zhu Shimao initiated the sketch of China, which is necessary.
After nearly 20 years of promotion of CCTV Spring Festival Evening, contemporary sketches have made great progress and become an art form loved by the audience.
[Edit this paragraph] Similarities and differences with other art forms
Sketch is different from crosstalk. The former is a new artistic expression, while the latter is a traditional art in China. There are great differences in expression between sketch and crosstalk. After the sketch begins, the actors can walk around at will. Crosstalk is not, but it can express jokes in a fixed position through tone and body language.
It is worth mentioning that Jiang Kun, Ma Ji and other famous actors are not sketch actors, but crosstalk actors. Feng Gong is also a crosstalk performer. Different from traditional crosstalk performers, most of the crosstalk performed by Feng Gong is pan-crosstalk.
The similarities and differences between sketch and crosstalk, drama and passbook drama are as follows:
Crosstalk generally has the characteristics of sketch, humor and wit, and other similar characteristics, but the difference is that: Crosstalk is "about learning, Doby", focusing on "talking", generally without props and makeup; The sketch should not only use props, but also make up, focusing on "acting" and achieving the effect through performance. Talking more and doing less is easy to make people think of cross talk; Acting without talking became a pantomime.
Sketch, drama and passbook drama have the same points:
Formally, they are short and uncomplicated, and they are all "dramas" or "comedies"; The difference is that: in content, operas and dramas are rich in connotation, long in time and space, rich in didactic elements and outstanding in ideological content, and some of them give people a heavy and tragic feeling, and even make people cry. However, sketch does not have to have more connotations and ideas, as long as the "one side" of specific things is vividly displayed. Many viewers reflected that the sketch does not welcome tears, but only jokes, which makes sense.
If drama is a picture or mirror of social life, then sketch is a cartoon, that is, a "ha ha mirror". It is characterized by using "laughter" and exaggerated language to reflect and refract things; If drama directly infects people with the lines and foot colors of the plot and makes them receive positive education, then sketch is neither positive education nor negative education. It uses an image of "heuristic" thinking to activate people's senses and make people feel from laughter.